英語四級四大發明絲綢之路

㈠ 四大發明英語簡介！

The Four Great Inventions 四大發明
The Compass 指南針
Diagram of a Ming dynasty mariner's compass
Main article: Compass
The earliest reference to magnetism in Chinese literature is found in a 4th century BC book called Book of the Devil Valley Master (鬼穀子): "The lodestone makes iron come or it attracts it."
The earliest reference to a magnetic device used as a "direction finder" is in a Song Dynasty book dated to AD 1040-44. Here there is a description of an iron "south-pointing fish" floating in a bowl of water, aligning itself to the south. The device is recommended as a means of orientation "in the obscurity of the night." However, the first suspended magnetic needle compass was written of by Shen Kuo in his book of AD 1088.
For most of Chinese history, the compass that remained in use was in the form of a magnetic needle floating in a bowl of water. According to Needham, the Chinese in the Song Dynasty and continuing Yuan Dynasty did make use of a dry compass, although this type never became as widely used in China as the wet compass.
The dry compass used in China was a dry suspension compass, a wooden frame crafted in the shape of a turtle hung upside down by a board, with the loadstone sealed in by wax, and if rotated, the needle at the tail would always point in the northern cardinal direction. Although the 14th century European compass-card in box frame and dry pivot needle was adopted in China after its use was taken by Japanese pirates in the 16th century (who had in turn learned of it from Europeans), the Chinese design of the suspended dry compass persisted in use well into the 18th century.
Gunpowder 火葯
Handgun from the Yuan dynasty, circa 1300s.
Main article: History of gunpowder
The prevailing academic consensus is that gunpowder was discovered in the 9th century by Chinese alchemists searching for an elixir of immortality. By the time the Song Dynasty treatise, Wujing Zongyao (武經總要), was written by Zeng Gongliang and Yang Weide in AD 1044, the various Chinese formulas for gunpowder held levels of nitrate in the range of 27% to 50%. By the end of the 12th century, Chinese formulas of gunpowder had a level of nitrate capable of bursting through cast iron metal containers, in the form of the earliest hollow, gunpowder-filled grenade bombs.
In AD 1280, the bomb store of the large gunpowder arsenal at Weiyang accidentally caught fire, which proced such a massive explosion that a team of Chinese inspectors at the site a week later deced that some 100 guards had been killed instantly, with wooden beams and pillars blown sky high and landing at a distance of over 10 li (~2 mi. or ~3.2 km) away from the explosion.
By the time of Jiao Yu and his Huolongjing in the mid 14th century, the explosive potential of gunpowder was perfected, as the level of nitrate in gunpowder formulas had risen to a range of 12% to 91%, with at least 6 different formulas in use that are considered to have maximum explosive potential for gunpowder. By that time, the Chinese had discovered how to create explosive cannonballs by packing their hollow shells with this nitrate-enhanced gunpowder.
Papermaking 造紙術
Hemp wrapping paper, China, circa 100 BC
Main article: Papermaking
Further information: Science and technology of the Han Dynasty
Papermaking has traditionally been traced to China about AD 105, when Cai Lun, an official attached to the Imperial court ring the Han Dynasty (202 BC-AD 220), created a sheet of paper using mulberry and other bast fibres along with fishnets, old rags, and hemp waste. However a recent archaeological discovery has been reported from near Dunhuang of paper with writing on it dating to 8 BC.
While paper used for wrapping and padding was used in China since the 2nd century BC, paper used as a writing medium only became widespread by the 3rd century. By the 6th century in China, sheets of paper were beginning to be used for toilet paper as well. During the Tang Dynasty (AD 618–907) paper was folded and sewn into square bags to preserve the flavor of tea. The Song Dynasty (AD 960–1279) that followed was the first government to issue paper currency.
Printing 印刷術
Main article: History of typography in East Asia
The Chinese invention of Woodblock printing, at some point before the first dated book in 868 (the Diamond Sutra), proced the world's first print culture. According to A. Hyatt Mayor, curator at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, "it was the Chinese who really discovered the means of communication that was to dominate until our age." Woodblock printing was better suited to Chinese characters than movable type, which the Chinese also invented, but which did not replace woodblock printing. Western printing presses, although introced in the 16th century, were not widely used in China until the 19th century. China, along with Korea, was one of the last countries to adopt them.
The intricate frontispiece of the Diamond Sutra from Tang Dynasty China, AD 868 (British Museum)
Woodblock printing for textiles, on the other hand, preceded text printing by centuries in all cultures, and is first found in China at around 220, then Egypt in the 4th century, and reached Europe by the 14th century or before, via the Islamic world, and by around 1400 was being used on paper for old master prints and playing cards. In another analysis Hyatt Mayor states that "a little before 1400 Europeans had enough paper to begin making holy images and playing cards in woodcut. They need not have learned woodcut from the Chinese, because they had been using woodblocks for about 1,000 years to stamp designs on linen."
Printing in China was further advanced by the 11th century, as it was written by the Song Dynasty scientist and statesman Shen Kuo (1031-1095) that the common artisan Bi Sheng (990-1051) invented ceramic movable type printing.Then there were those such as Wang Zhen (fl. 1290-1333) and Hua Sui (1439-1513), the former of whom invented wooden movable type printing in China, the latter of whom invented metal movable type printing in China. Movable type printing was a tedious process if one were to assemble thousands of indivial characters for the printing of simply one or a few books, but if used for printing thousands of books, the process was efficient and rapid enough to be successful and highly employed. Indeed, there were many cities in China where movable type printing, in wooden and metal form, was adopted by the enterprises of wealthy local families or large private instries. The Qing Dynasty court sponsored enormous printing projects using woodblock movable type printing ring the 18th century. Although superseded by western printing techniques, woodblock movable type printing remains in use in isolated communities in China.

㈡ 求翻譯成英語 絲綢之路(the SilkRoaD．起源於公元前1世紀，是一條具有重要歷史意

Silk Road (the Silk RoaD. Originated in the 1st century BC, is an international trade route has important historical significance. Since a large proportion of silk in this line of business in 1877, the famous German geographer Ferdinand South von Richthofen (Ferdinand vonRichthofen) will be named the "Silk Road." It is not only an ancient international trade routes, is also connected to China, India, Persia (Persia, Greece and Rome in a splendid country The cultural bridge. China's four great inventions

㈢ 中國四大發明（英語）

The Four Great Inventions of ancient China are, according to Chinese tradition and the British scholar and biochemist Joseph Needham:

The Compass
Gunpowder
Papermaking
Printing
These inventions are celebrated in Chinese culture for their historical significance and as signs of ancient China's advanced science and technology. These four discoveries had an enormous impact on the development of Chinese civilization and a far-ranging global impact.

Although he may have been unaware of the origin of these inventions, in 1620 the English philosopher Francis Bacon noted their importance by writing:
好像對
Printing, gunpowder and the compass: These three have changed the whole face and state of things throughout the world; the first in literature, the second in warfare, the third in navigation; whence have followed innumerable changes, in so much that no empire, no sect, no star seems to have exerted greater power and influence in human affairs than these.

㈣ 四大發明是不是通過絲綢之路傳入西方國家的

阿拉伯帝國俘虜中國造紙匠，歐洲畫師偷走中國造紙術在中國古代的四大發明之中版，造紙術是最早傳播到其他權國家的。公元751年，唐朝大將高仙芝率軍與大食（阿拉伯帝國）將軍沙利會戰於中亞重鎮 邏斯（今哈薩克的江布爾）。

㈤ 四大發明英語介紹

The Four Great Inventions 四大發明

The Compass 指南針

Diagram of a Ming dynasty mariner's compass
Main article: Compass
The earliest reference to magnetism in Chinese literature is found in a 4th century BC book called Book of the Devil Valley Master (鬼穀子): "The lodestone makes iron come or it attracts it."
The earliest reference to a magnetic device used as a "direction finder" is in a Song Dynasty book dated to AD 1040-44. Here there is a description of an iron "south-pointing fish" floating in a bowl of water, aligning itself to the south. The device is recommended as a means of orientation "in the obscurity of the night." However, the first suspended magnetic needle compass was written of by Shen Kuo in his book of AD 1088.
For most of Chinese history, the compass that remained in use was in the form of a magnetic needle floating in a bowl of water. According to Needham, the Chinese in the Song Dynasty and continuing Yuan Dynasty did make use of a dry compass, although this type never became as widely used in China as the wet compass.
The dry compass used in China was a dry suspension compass, a wooden frame crafted in the shape of a turtle hung upside down by a board, with the loadstone sealed in by wax, and if rotated, the needle at the tail would always point in the northern cardinal direction. Although the 14th century European compass-card in box frame and dry pivot needle was adopted in China after its use was taken by Japanese pirates in the 16th century (who had in turn learned of it from Europeans), the Chinese design of the suspended dry compass persisted in use well into the 18th century.

Gunpowder 火葯

Handgun from the Yuan dynasty, circa 1300s.
Main article: History of gunpowder
The prevailing academic consensus is that gunpowder was discovered in the 9th century by Chinese alchemists searching for an elixir of immortality. By the time the Song Dynasty treatise, Wujing Zongyao (武經總要), was written by Zeng Gongliang and Yang Weide in AD 1044, the various Chinese formulas for gunpowder held levels of nitrate in the range of 27% to 50%. By the end of the 12th century, Chinese formulas of gunpowder had a level of nitrate capable of bursting through cast iron metal containers, in the form of the earliest hollow, gunpowder-filled grenade bombs.
In AD 1280, the bomb store of the large gunpowder arsenal at Weiyang accidentally caught fire, which proced such a massive explosion that a team of Chinese inspectors at the site a week later deced that some 100 guards had been killed instantly, with wooden beams and pillars blown sky high and landing at a distance of over 10 li (~2 mi. or ~3.2 km) away from the explosion.
By the time of Jiao Yu and his Huolongjing in the mid 14th century, the explosive potential of gunpowder was perfected, as the level of nitrate in gunpowder formulas had risen to a range of 12% to 91%, with at least 6 different formulas in use that are considered to have maximum explosive potential for gunpowder. By that time, the Chinese had discovered how to create explosive cannonballs by packing their hollow shells with this nitrate-enhanced gunpowder.

Papermaking 造紙術

Hemp wrapping paper, China, circa 100 BC
Main article: Papermaking
Further information: Science and technology of the Han Dynasty
Papermaking has traditionally been traced to China about AD 105, when Cai Lun, an official attached to the Imperial court ring the Han Dynasty (202 BC-AD 220), created a sheet of paper using mulberry and other bast fibres along with fishnets, old rags, and hemp waste. However a recent archaeological discovery has been reported from near Dunhuang of paper with writing on it dating to 8 BC.
While paper used for wrapping and padding was used in China since the 2nd century BC, paper used as a writing medium only became widespread by the 3rd century. By the 6th century in China, sheets of paper were beginning to be used for toilet paper as well. During the Tang Dynasty (AD 618–907) paper was folded and sewn into square bags to preserve the flavor of tea. The Song Dynasty (AD 960–1279) that followed was the first government to issue paper currency.

Printing 印刷術

Main article: History of typography in East Asia
The Chinese invention of Woodblock printing, at some point before the first dated book in 868 (the Diamond Sutra), proced the world's first print culture. According to A. Hyatt Mayor, curator at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, "it was the Chinese who really discovered the means of communication that was to dominate until our age." Woodblock printing was better suited to Chinese characters than movable type, which the Chinese also invented, but which did not replace woodblock printing. Western printing presses, although introced in the 16th century, were not widely used in China until the 19th century. China, along with Korea, was one of the last countries to adopt them.

The intricate frontispiece of the Diamond Sutra from Tang Dynasty China, AD 868 (British Museum)
Woodblock printing for textiles, on the other hand, preceded text printing by centuries in all cultures, and is first found in China at around 220, then Egypt in the 4th century, and reached Europe by the 14th century or before, via the Islamic world, and by around 1400 was being used on paper for old master prints and playing cards. In another analysis Hyatt Mayor states that "a little before 1400 Europeans had enough paper to begin making holy images and playing cards in woodcut. They need not have learned woodcut from the Chinese, because they had been using woodblocks for about 1,000 years to stamp designs on linen."
Printing in China was further advanced by the 11th century, as it was written by the Song Dynasty scientist and statesman Shen Kuo (1031-1095) that the common artisan Bi Sheng (990-1051) invented ceramic movable type printing.Then there were those such as Wang Zhen (fl. 1290-1333) and Hua Sui (1439-1513), the former of whom invented wooden movable type printing in China, the latter of whom invented metal movable type printing in China. Movable type printing was a tedious process if one were to assemble thousands of indivial characters for the printing of simply one or a few books, but if used for printing thousands of books, the process was efficient and rapid enough to be successful and highly employed. Indeed, there were many cities in China where movable type printing, in wooden and metal form, was adopted by the enterprises of wealthy local families or large private instries. The Qing Dynasty court sponsored enormous printing projects using woodblock movable type printing ring the 18th century. Although superseded by western printing techniques, woodblock movable type printing remains in use in isolated communities in China.別要我逐句翻譯，我辦不了

㈥ 四大發明是通過絲綢之路傳入西方國家的嗎

阿拉伯帝國俘虜中國造紙匠，歐洲畫師偷走中國造紙術在中國古代的四大發明之中，造紙術是最早傳播到其他國家的。公元751年，唐朝大將高仙芝率軍與大食（阿拉伯帝國）將軍沙利會戰於中亞重鎮 邏斯（今哈薩克的江布爾）。激戰中，由於唐軍中的西域軍隊發生叛亂，唐軍戰敗。 邏斯之戰後，唐軍中的部分造紙工匠 被阿拉伯軍隊俘虜。沙利將這些工匠帶到中亞重鎮撒馬爾罕，讓他們傳授造紙技術，並建立了阿拉伯帝國第一個生產麻紙的造紙場。從此，撒馬爾罕成為阿拉伯人的造紙中心。隨後，源自中國的造紙術隨著阿拉伯大軍迅速傳到敘利亞、埃及、摩洛哥、西班牙和義大利等地。為了解決歐洲紙張質量低劣的問題，法國財政大臣杜爾閣曾希望利用駐北京的耶穌會教士刺探中國的造紙技術。乾隆年間，供職於清廷的法國畫師、耶穌會教士蔣友仁將中國的造紙術畫成圖寄回了巴黎，中國先進的造紙術才在歐洲廣泛傳播開來。1797年，法國人尼可拉斯 路易斯 羅伯特成功地發明了用機器造紙的方法，從蔡倫時代起中國人持續領先近2000年的造紙術終於被歐洲人超越。蒙古紙鈔、歐洲紙牌成印刷術傳播的重要工具由於蒙古人在其征服地區廣泛使用紙鈔，因而，作為紙鈔的印刷方法，活字印刷術也順著絲綢之路西傳至西亞、北非一帶，隨後又進入了歐洲。除紙鈔之外，宗教畫和紙牌也促成了歐洲人接受印刷技術。紙牌雖小，卻綜合了手繪、木板印刷等各種方法，成了歐洲人學習、掌握雕版印刷術最直接的途徑。元代，歐洲人沿絲綢之路來到中國，學會了使用木活字。由於歐洲人使用的拉丁字母結構簡單，且只有26個字母，比漢字更適合活字印刷。1450年，德意志人古騰堡在美因茨城的工廠中發明了哥特體拉丁文金屬活字印刷術，解決了長期困擾歐洲人的字形問題。波蘭學者冒死偷畫火器中國古代在戰爭中使用火器的最早記載，出現在唐朝末年。南宋初年軍事學家陳規發明了一種管型火器——火槍。這在人類使用火葯的歷史上，是一個巨大的飛躍。公元1234年蒙古滅金之後，將在開封等地俘虜的工匠和火器全部掠走，還把金軍中的火葯工匠和火器手編入了蒙古軍隊。次年，蒙古大軍發動了第二次西征，新編入蒙軍的火器部隊也隨軍遠征。在隨後的幾年中，裝備火器的蒙古大軍橫掃東歐平原。1241年4月9日，蒙古大軍與3萬波蘭人和日耳曼人的聯軍在東歐華爾斯塔德大平原會戰中使用了威力強大的火器。波蘭火葯史學家蓋斯·勒躲在戰場附近的一座修道院內，偷偷描繪了蒙古士兵使用的火箭樣式。根據蓋斯勒的描繪，蒙古人從一種木筒中成束的發射火箭，因此被波蘭人稱作「中國噴火龍」蒙古人滅亡阿拉伯帝國後，建立起了伊利汗國。這里迅速成為火葯等中國科學知識向西方傳播的重要樞紐。而配備火葯武器的蒙古軍隊在歐洲的長期駐扎，給歐洲人偷窺火葯技術提供了機會。阿拉伯商人頻繁搭乘中國商船學會使用指南針大約在公元3世紀前後，中國人發現了磁石能夠吸鐵的特性，同時還發現了磁石的指向性，並依此特性製造了「司南」。大約在10世紀的北宋時期，中國人已經將指南針用於海上導航。在北宋人朱彧1119年成書的《萍洲可談》中，有這樣一段文字：「甲令海舶，大者數百人，小者百餘人-------舟師識地理，夜則觀星，晝則觀日，陰晦觀指南針。」一些外國學者在翻譯這段文字時，誤將其中的「甲令「（南宋政府的命令）一詞翻譯成了往來海上的阿拉伯船長的名字，因此就一錯再錯，得出了最早裝備指南針的不是中國海船，而是阿拉伯海船的錯誤結論。實際上，中世紀時阿拉伯人海船船體狹小，根本無法容納百餘人。當時往來南中國海、印度洋和波斯灣之間的商船，能夠容納上百人的只有中國海船，連阿拉伯商人也經常搭乘中國還船。宋代與阿拉伯的海上貿易十分頻繁，中國開往阿拉伯的大型傳遞有指南針導航，阿拉伯人是很容易從中國船上學到指南針的用法的。

㈦ 絲綢之路這篇短文當中出現的四大發明有什麼

（1）儒家學派 核心思抄想是「仁」

（2）長安 張騫通西域

（3）火葯 造紙術和印刷術

（4）學生答題可以從總體上概括上述學說和成就對世界文明產生了積極影響；也可以分別從上述三方面的某一個成就來說明產生的積極影響，言之有理即可酌情給分

㈧ 求一篇關於四大發明的英語作文！（四個都要寫，初三水平）

teacher,you can speak Chinese？ sure！！！ 老師，四大發明是中國人發明的嗎？ 當然。 謝謝老師，再見。 886。

㈨ 古代中國在絲綢之路傳輸哪些物品

中國主要運出絲綢、瓷器、鐵器、金器、銀器、鏡子和其它豪華製品。運往中國的是稀有動物和鳥類、植物、皮貨、葯材、香料、珠寶首飾。

輸入：
葡萄、核桃、胡蘿卜、胡椒、胡豆、波菜（又稱為波斯菜）、黃瓜（漢時稱胡瓜）、石榴

http://..com/question/38670681.html?si=1

正如「絲綢之路」的名稱，在這條逾7000公里的長路上，絲綢與同樣原產中國的瓷器一樣，成為當時一個東亞強盛文明象徵。絲綢不僅是絲路上重要的奢侈消費品，也是中國歷朝政府的一種有效的政治工具：中國的友好使節出使西域乃至更遠的國家時，往往將絲綢作為表示兩國友好的有效手段。並且絲綢的西傳也少許改變了西方各國對中國的印象，由於西傳至君士坦丁堡的絲綢和瓷器價格奇高，令相當多的人認為中國乃至東亞是一個物產豐盈的富裕地區。各國元首及貴族曾一度以穿著用腓尼基紅染過的中國絲綢，家中使用瓷器為富有榮耀的象徵。此外，阿富汗的青金石也隨著商隊的行進不斷流入歐亞各地。這種遠早於絲綢的貿易品在歐亞大陸的廣泛傳播為帶動歐亞貿易交流做出了貢獻。這種珍貴的商品曾是兩河流域各國財富的象徵。當青金石流傳到印度後，被那裡的佛教徒供奉為佛教七寶之一，令青金石增添了悠遠的宗教色彩。而葡萄、核桃、胡蘿卜、胡椒、胡豆、波菜（又稱為波斯菜）、黃瓜（漢時稱胡瓜）、石榴等的傳播為東亞人的日常飲食增添了更多的選擇。西域特產的葡萄酒經過歷史的發展融入到中國的傳統酒文化當中。商隊從中國主要運出鐵器、金器、銀器、鏡子和其他豪華製品。運往中國的是稀有動物和鳥類、植物、皮貨、葯材、香料、珠寶首飾。

http://..com/question/80642346.html?si=2