也談英語閱讀和寫作技巧
❶ 英語閱讀理解技巧
英語閱讀理解技巧:
抓住文章的首段與末段及段落的首句和末句
文章的首段與末段、段落的首句和末句,一般表達文章的主題和段落中心思想,其它段落及句子只起補充、說明、解釋或引申的作用。因此,首先要搜索目標,找出文章及段落中的主題句。了解了它們的含義,就可以順著提供的主要線索去捕捉文章的相關信息,從而獲得解決問題的答案。
進行合理推斷
對文章有了詳細而全面的理解之後,就要按照文章內容、上下文的邏輯關系,作出推理判斷。閱讀理解涉及詞彙、語法、句型、段落結構、文化背景等各方面知識。答題時,領會句子之間的邏輯關系,特別是相鄰句子之間的關系,這樣有利於理解全文。表示邏輯關系的標志詞是連接詞、副詞、代詞、介詞短語、關系詞、插入語等,通讀時應特別注意。猜測推敲生詞
閱讀短文時,常常會遇到一些生詞。這時,考生要沉著,冷靜,細心思考。首先要把整段、整篇文章看完。通過對全篇短文的理解,就很有可能猜測出生詞的大意。另外,還可以從含有生詞句子的上下文,以及句子和段落之間的關系來判斷、理解生詞以求獲得其真正含義。猜測生詞的另一種方法是,根據構詞法推測。
利用常識解題
多了解一些常識性知識有利於閱讀理解。如果對文章的相關背景有所了解,讀起文章一定既省時又省力。
正確理解題綱
縱觀歷年高考試題,閱讀理解試題一般有以下幾種題型:一是直接回答who, whom, which, what, where, when, why, how等疑問詞引起的細節問題;二是猜測詞義題;三是推理判斷題;四是綜合概括題。
❷ 英語寫作和閱讀有何技巧
關於英語閱讀的技巧,如果你出現了對選項感覺模稜兩可的情況,那一定是因為你是根據自己印象中的信息進行選項的篩選,但不要這樣,要回原文中去找。因為選項一定是原文的原意復現,所以絕對不會有兩個想似選項,有的話就代回原文去找。
關於寫作技巧,如下:
1.用較高級詞彙替換第一反應詞:
在寫作的過程中,很多考生習慣第一反應想到哪個單詞就使用哪個單詞,比如談到「好」就是good,而第一反應詞往往是比較簡單的,甚至不適合書面語言,所以千萬別一想到某個簡單而順手的詞就立刻下筆,而是思考它的同義詞。思考後考生會得到4到5個同義詞,這里的任意一個詞都可能會比你想的第一個詞復雜些。通常考生想到的第一個詞是平時使用較多的詞,也是比較簡單表意比較籠統的詞,所以放在口語中使用更加適合,而寫作用詞最好用書面詞彙,並且書面詞彙會比起第一反應詞的籠統,表意更加具有指向性,進而可以使文章語言更具生動和真實性。
2.學會用多個同義英語詞彙表達一個中文意思
在中文中習慣「求同不求異」,所以我們習慣用同一個詞來強調某一個概念,而在英文中正相反----「求異不求同」,所以就要學會用不同的詞來表示同一個概念。比如:好的:就可以用positive, favorable, rosy (美好的),promising (有希望的),perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstanding, superior替換good。
3.句型要盡可能多樣化
高考英語寫作其實就是一個「SHOW",你要在短短幾十分鍾內秀出你學了十幾年的英語就要學會盡可能地多使用自己會的句型和語法知識。尤其是在作文中非常好用的「非限定性定語從句」「時間狀語從句」等等。
4.連接詞要常用
要想讓自己的文章行文順暢,邏輯合理,就要學會使用起到各種作用的連接詞。以下是高考英語常用連接詞總結:
表層次:first , second , third ; firstly , secondly , thirdly ;to begin with , further,
in the first place , to start with , still , furthermore ; what』s more , last , but , not the least , also , and then , next , besides , and equally important too,moreover , besides , in addition , finally
表轉折:by contrast;although ; though ; yet ; at the same time ; but ; despite the fact that;even so ; in contrast ; nevertheless ; even though ; for all that ; notwithstanding ; on the other hand ; otherwise ; instead ; still;regardless
表因果:therefore ; consequently ; because of ; for this reason ; thus ; hence ; e to ; owing to ; so ; accordingly ; thanks to ; on this account ; since ; as ; on that account; in this way ; for ; as a result ; as a consequence
表讓步:still ; nevertheless ; granted ; naturally; in spite of ; all the same ;
of course ; despite ; even so ; after all
表遞進:furthermore ; moreover ; likewise;what is more ; besides ; also ; In addition
表舉例:for example ; for instance ; for one thing ; that is to illustrate
表解釋:As a matter of fact ; Frankly speaking ; In this case ; namely ; In other words
表總結:In summary ; in a word ; thus ; in brief ; In conclusion ; all together ; to conclude ; In fact ; finally ; in simpler terms ; indeed ; In short ; in particular ; on the whole ; Namely ; in all ; therefore ; to summarize
表比較:in comparison;likewise ; however ; like ; similarly ; equally ; in the same way
表時間:After a while ; afterward ; next ; now ; Again and then ; presently ; as long as ;Shortly ; simultaneously ; at length ; At that time ; since ; so far ; before ; earlier ; soon ; still ; eventually ; subsequently ; then ; formerly ; thereafter ; In the past ; until now ; meanwhile ; lately
表強調:Of course ; indeed ; surely ; As a matter of fact ; above all ; Most important ; in particular ; That is to say ; certainly ; in fact ; Anyway ; in this case ; naturally ; Obviously ; no doubt ; actually ; clearly
5.字要盡可能公整
畢竟這是應試作文,判卷時間是很有限的,所以在很大程度上,文章的「外在形象」非常重要,因為我們留給閱卷老師的「印象」極為重要,所以就要讓你的字盡可能工整~
❸ 求英語閱讀技巧
1.不要選太難的讀物來.一篇文章,一看源上去都是生字,建議你換一篇,程度適中的.
2.遇到不懂的單詞,先別急著查字典,跳過去,看完那句話或是那段話,再回過頭來,根據上下文來猜一下它的意思(find clues).同樣的單詞,跟不同的片語搭配,就有不同的意思.建議你還是不要孤立記單詞.記片語如:look at, look after, look into, look forward, look out...
4..如果是考試時填選擇題,不知該選哪一個,就用淘汰法.先看哪個最不象,逐個淘汰.
5.問答題,看完後不明白,不要浪費時間,先去看提問,有目的的尋找答案.
6.相信自己的靈感,往往第一個是最好的.
7.實在不懂就要猜,碰運氣了,千萬不要空題.
❹ 如何作英語閱讀以及作閱讀的技巧
英語閱讀理解能力其實就是真正讀懂英文的能力,其中包括利用閱讀技能讀懂文章的能力,並不是運用某些所謂技巧應試的能力。如果只關注所謂的應試技巧,應試能力可能會有提高,但是,閱讀理解能力並不見得有質的提高。而如果具備了較高的、真正的閱讀理解能力,能夠真正讀懂文章,同時能夠運用某些應試技巧,則肯定可以考出好成績。英文閱讀理解涉及到語篇、段落、句子、詞彙四個 層次的理解問題,而其中最根本的是對詞彙的理解。詞彙是構成語言的基本元素。如果掌握的詞彙量太小,讀一篇文章,處處是生詞,則會處處碰壁,文章不可能順利讀懂。英語閱讀理解的關鍵則在於真正讀懂文章。詞彙是構成語言的基本元素,而句子則是表達意思的基本結構。讀懂每一句話表達的意思是真正讀懂一段話、一篇文章的基礎。要快速、准確地理解一句話的含義,至少涉及到三個層次的問題。一是理解句中每個詞彙的意思和相關的詞法;二是理解句法結構;三是理解句子和上下文的關系。其中,理解詞法和句法結構則是句子水平閱讀理解的關鍵。詞彙是構成語言的基本元素,而語法則是詞彙構成語言的規則。掌握英語語法,並能把自己的英語語法知識熟練地應用到英語閱讀實踐中去,這是提高閱讀理解能力必須具備的基本功。
要真正快速地提高英語閱讀理解能力,關鍵還在於多讀,尤其是多讀一些難度較大的文章。利用語法知識解決閱讀中的困難,通過閱讀加深對語法知識的理解。只有在閱讀實踐中,有意識地學習、積累,應用閱讀過程中所需要的英文詞彙、語法知識,才能奠定提高英文閱讀理解能力的基礎。閱讀理解能力不是一朝一夕就可以提高的,關鍵在於堅持。英文有一句話說得好:「One cannot succeed without perseverance.」。只要目標明確,堅持不懈,並運用成功的閱讀策略,英文閱讀理解能力就會不斷提高。而具備了真實的閱讀理解能力,再掌握一些實用的應試技巧,任何考試中的閱讀理解題目又怎麼能不得高分呢
❺ 做英語閱讀理解的技巧
閱讀是主動地、積極地獲取信息的創造行為,是培養學生通過視覺感知書面文字元號並獲取信息能力的途徑,更是提高聽、說、寫能力的有力杠桿,它在英語學習中起著至關重要的作用。在近幾年的高考英語試卷中,閱讀的分值(閱讀理解,完形填空,改錯)佔了整個試卷分值的一半以上。99年高考英語試卷閱讀理解的篇幅在增長,難度也有所加大。筆者認為要提高英語閱讀水平,學生需做到以下幾點: 一、多採用Top-down閱讀法 自上而下(Top-down)閱讀是從語篇整體出發,把注意力集中在通過文字元號獲取信息上,即按文章所給的標題先對文章的內容與含義作出推斷,理解作者所要表達的意思。 運用自上而下的閱讀法的關鍵是培養學生預測、推斷文章內容和含義的能力,從而提高閱讀理解能力。 通過略看文章的總體結構安排或文章的標題來預測文章的內容及深層含義,可從下列幾方面去推測: 1.文章寫了哪幾方面的內容? 2.作者將從哪幾方面來闡述? 3.內容將如何發展下去? 在閱讀時要注意不同的英文文體,因為文體對信息的組織和布局模式有著重大影響。訓練掌握各種英語文體的結構特徵,有利於歸納文章和進行邏輯推理。例如:記敘文以敘事為主必定有三個要素:情節、人物和背景。情節的發展多以時間、地點的轉移為線索。因此,閱讀記敘文時,必須抓住時間這條線索,以人物為中心,弄清故事的發生、發展、結局。再如議論文和說明文有一個共同點,就是段落大多有主題句(較多地出現在段首或段末),要抓住主題句,發掘每一個主旨,弄清文章的中心論點,以便更加詳細地預測文章的內容,吃透整篇文章的表層及深層含義。 二、正確處理好精讀與泛讀間的關系。 精讀和泛讀是閱讀時兩種主要方法,兩者相輔相存,不可偏廢也無法代替。 1.注重閱讀材料的選擇。 選擇合適的精泛閱讀材料是提高英語閱讀的重要手段。選擇字數為200左右,後面配有習題的閱讀材料為宜。閱讀材料體裁要多樣化——敘事類、科普類、議論或說明類、廣告類等。要注重文章的實用性。所選材料的難易程度以理解正確率達60%~70%,生詞量不超過4%為恰當。 2.精讀泛讀相輔相存。 比起泛讀,精讀是點。對一些有一定難度寫得較好的文章要進行剖析,要歸納、總結作者的寫作意圖、思路及中心論點,最後達到獲取詳細信息和深層次內容的目的。如果說精讀是點,泛讀即是面。只有通過大量閱讀,才能積累大量詞彙、結構和句型,才能積累大量詞彙、結構和句型,才能擴大知識面,培養語感,提高對文字的反應能力。在泛讀時,要根據上下文提高自己猜測生詞的能力,不要一看到生詞就查詞典,要弄清文中批示代詞和人稱代詞所指代的對象。要對自己進行限時閱讀。一篇200字左右難度適中的閱讀文章,爭取6分鍾之內做完其閱讀理解題。在閱讀時,要多積累英、美等國家的社會、歷史、地理、文化及風俗方面的知識,這有利於提高閱讀水平。要培養良好的閱讀習慣。閱讀時,要從意群上去看,不要逐字讀,更不要用筆或手指邊指邊出聲讀,這樣有礙理解文章的意思,而且影響閱讀速度。 閱讀是一個綜合過程,閱讀能力的提高更是一個循序漸進的過程。學生只有堅持不懈,鍥而不舍地改進閱讀方法,培養閱讀興趣,才能達到事半功倍的效果。 影響閱讀理解的因素可分為知識性障礙和非知識性障礙。知識性障礙包括:1.詞彙障礙2..語法障礙 3.背景知識障礙 。非知識性障礙包括:1. 心理障礙 2.閱讀習慣. 3..閱讀速度4.閱讀技巧 (一)重視英語詞彙和習慣用法的積累 美國語言學家Driller (1978)根據詞彙統計特徵指出:如果我們認得25個最常見的英文單詞,平均每頁紙上的詞我們會認得33%;如果認得135個常用詞,則為50%;如果認得2500個,則為78%;如果認得5 000個,則為80%;一旦記得10 000個,可達92%。可見,閱讀能力的高低和詞彙量的大小是分不開的,目前大部分學生的詞彙量偏少, 這是影響閱讀能力提高的主要因素。那麼怎樣才能提高學生的詞彙量呢? 1. 構詞記憶法 據估計,英語詞彙有100萬到120萬,但大部分單詞是由構詞法構成的。構詞法包括派生、合成和轉化。在教學中,讓學生掌握常用的前綴(un/dis/im/il /super.)、後綴( ly/ less/ ful/ ment…)的含義及用法,就可以根據已知詞猜出它的派生詞,從而達到擴大詞彙的目的。如:前綴super 有超過,超越的含義,就可以猜出supermarket (超級市場)supernatural (超自然的)、 superman (超人)、superstar (超級明星)等詞的含義。。 2. 聯想記憶法 由一個詞聯想到和它有關或無關的詞,如看到live vi 生活,聯想到其他詞性及用法,如,直播的、活的等詞義。 3. 廣泛閱讀記憶法 「To read well, you need a strong vocabulary.. To build a strong vocabulary, you need to read well.」 這句名言道出了閱讀和詞彙量的關系。要有流利的閱讀,就必須有豐富的詞彙。大量的閱讀可以豐富你的詞彙。 (二) 牢固掌握語法知識 近年來的NMET閱讀理解短文的句式結構趨向復雜,語法知識在閱讀中的作用已經突顯出來。如在閱讀中遇到另人費解的長句、難句,就可以藉助語法,對句子進行適當的分析,搞清各部分的關系,從而准確理解整句的意思。以Decision-thinking is not unlike poker-it often matters not only what you think, but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think.(NMET 2000) 為例。該句的29個詞中包含了主語從句,賓語從句、並列句和破折號連接的附加說明等多種關系。其中並列句中又有復合句,復合句中又有並列句。只有把句子的成分一一理清,才能掌握其意思。 (三)、積累一定的文化背景知識和生活知識 英語閱讀能力的提高不僅需要一定的語言知識,還要有一定的文化背景知識和生活知識。例如在NMET2003的閱讀理解A篇,該篇選材涉及地理,介紹了兩座farthest/ most distant inhabited islands,一個為Guinness Book of Records 所認定的Tristan da Cunha;另一為復活島(Easter Island)文章中出現了較多的專有名詞,對於閱讀經驗不足的同學會形成干擾,而對於那些對Easter Day 等背景知識了解的同學,相對就會好些。另外在C篇中,出現了書刊號,如果熟悉這些,就會減少好多閱讀困難。 (四)培養良好的閱讀習慣,掌握有效的閱讀技巧 要養成良好的閱讀習慣,就要求平時多朗讀,背誦精彩段落和文章,以培養語感。另外,有的同學在閱讀時出聲讀、點讀或回讀,這些不良習慣都會影響閱讀速度和對文章的理解。所以要克服這些不良習慣,作到不回讀,不聲讀,不點讀等。只有這樣,閱讀速度才能加快,理解的准確率才能提高。 除了良好的閱讀習慣外,也要掌握正確的閱讀技巧。教師要指導學生形成正確的思維方法。一般閱讀時應注意以下幾點: 1、略讀(Skimming)即迅速瀏覽全文,抓住文章大意和主題句,明確作者的態度和意圖。 2、跳讀(Skipping) 即快速查找某一相關信息,讀時要一目十行,對不相關的內容一帶而過。 3、猜測生詞(Guessing the new words) 在閱讀過程中,不可避免的會遇到生詞。如果一遇到生詞就去查字典,或跳過去不看,都會影響對文章的理解。這樣就要猜測生詞的意思。不同的語境,單詞的意思也就不一樣。所以要根據上下文線索和構詞法等知識去猜測。 「冰凍三尺,非一日之寒」 提高閱讀能力,不是一朝一夕就能做到的。只要堅持正確的閱讀方法,培養興趣,廣泛閱讀,積累詞彙,並且養成良好的閱讀習慣,閱讀理解能力一定會逐步提高。 英語閱讀理解技巧 新的高中英語教學大綱明確規定:"側重提高閱讀能力"。縱觀近幾年的高考英語試題,我們不難看出,閱讀理解能力是高考考查的重點,自始至終占著主導地位,並且有逐年增加的趨勢。可以毫不誇張地說,做好閱讀理解題,是獲得高考英語高分的關鍵! 閱讀理解能力測試的主要要求是: 1. 讀材料的主旨和大意,以及用以說明主旨和大意的事實和細節。 2. 既理解具體的事實,也理解抽象的概念。 3. 既理解字面的意思,也理解深層的含義,包括作者的態度,意圖等。 4. 既理解某句,某段的含義,也理解全篇的邏輯關系,並據此進行推理和判斷。 5. 既能根據所提供的信息去理解,也能結合中學生應有的常識去理解。根據這五項要求,我們可將閱讀理解多項選擇題歸納為以下幾種題型:細節理解題,詞句理解題,主題、主旨題,猜測詞義題,推理判斷題。下面作者結合平時教學中的經驗體會,談一談做英語閱讀理解題的技巧與策略。 一、 先看題干,帶著問題讀文章。 即先看試題,再讀文章。閱讀題干,首先要掌握問題的類型,分清是客觀信息題還是主觀判斷題。客觀信息題可以從文章中直接找到答案;而主觀判斷題考查的是對文章的感情基調,作者未加陳述的觀點以及貫穿全文的中心主旨的理解等,這類題必須經過對作者的態度、意圖以及對整篇文章進行深一層的推理等。其次,了解試題題干以及各個選項所包含的信息,然後有針對性地對文章進行掃讀,對有關信息進行快速定位,再將相關信息進行整合、甄別、分析、對比,有根有據地排除干擾項,選出正確答案。此法加強了閱讀的針對性,提高了做題的准確率,節省了寶貴的時間。特別適用於對圖形表格類題材的理解。 二、 速讀全文,了解大意知主題。 閱讀的目的是獲取信息。一個人的閱讀能力的高低決定了他能否快速高效吸收有用信息。閱讀能力一般指閱讀速度和理解能力兩個方面。閱讀速度是閱讀最基本的能力。沒有一定的閱讀速度就不能順利地輸入信息,更談不上運用英語。近幾年的高考閱讀速度大約是每分鍾40個詞左右。考生必須在十分有限的時間內運用略讀、掃讀、跳讀等技巧快速閱讀,搜尋關鍵詞、主題句,捕捉時空、順序、情節、人物、觀點,並且理清文章脈絡,把握語篇實質。 抓主題句這是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。主題句一般出現在文章的開頭和結尾。用歸納法撰寫的文章,都是表述細節的句子在前,概述性的句子居後。此時主題句就是文章的最後一句。通常用演繹法撰寫的文章,大都遵循從一般到個別的寫作程序,即從概述開始,隨之輔以細說。這時,主題句就是文章的第一句。當然也有些文章沒有主題句,需要讀者自己去歸納。主題句往往對全文起提示、啟迪、概括、歸納之作用,主旨大意題,歸納概括題,中心思想題往往直接可從主題句中找到答案。 試試看,你能找出下面一段文章的主題句嗎? The panda is a popular animal. Stories about the panda in the Washington Zoo are always front page news and important features on television newscasts. Stuffed pandas are among the most popular toys for children, and panda postcards are always in demand in zoo gift shops. 不難看出,文章的第一句是主題句,後面的句子都圍繞這個句子展開。 三、 詳讀細節,理順思路與文章脈絡。 文章絕不是互不相乾的句子雜亂無章的堆砌。作者為文,有脈可循。如記敘文多以人物為中心,以時間或空間為線索,按事件的發生、發展、結局展開故事;論述體則包含論點、論據、結論三大要素,通過解釋、舉例來闡述觀點。你可根據文章的特點,詳讀細節,以動詞、時間、地點、事件、因果等為線索,找出關鍵詞語,運用"畫圖列表法",勾畫出一幅完整清晰的文章主題和細節的認知圖。 四、 邏輯推理,做好深層理解題。 在實際閱讀中,有時作者並未把意圖說出來,閱讀者要根據字面意思,通過語篇邏輯關系,研究細節的暗示,推敲作者的態度,理解文章的寓義。這就是通常所說的深層理解。深層理解主要包括歸納概括題(中心思想,加標題等)和推理判斷題,是閱讀理解中的難點。深層理解是一種創造性的思維活動。它必須忠實於原文;要以文章提供的事實和線索為依據,立足已知推斷未知,不能憑空想像,隨意揣測;它要求讀者對文字的表面信息進行分析、挖掘和邏輯推理,不能就事論事,以偏概全。只有吃透文章的字面意思,推理才有前提和基礎。 推理題在提問中常用的詞有:infer, imply, suggest, indicate等。 例如高考題: Annealing Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly. If metal is heated and then cooled very quickly, for example by dipping (浸) it in water, it will be very hard but also very brittle-that is, it will break easily. Metal that has been annealed is soft but does not break as easily. It is possible to make metal as hard or as soft as it is wished, by annealing it. The metal is heated, and allowed to cool slowly for a certain length of time. The longer the heated metal takes to cool slowly, the softer it becomes. Annealing can also be used on other material, such as glass. 1. Why do people put hot metal in water? A. To make it hard. B. To make it soft. C. To make it cool. D. To make it brittle. 2. In annealing, the required hardness of metal depends on __. A. the quantity of water used B. the temperature of the metal C. the softness of the metal D. the timing of the operation 3. As suggested by the text, how can glass be made less brittle? A. It can be heated and then cooled quickly. B. It can be cooled and then heated slowly. C. It can be heated and then cooled slowly. D. It can be cooled and then heated quickly. 1、 答案為A,此題屬推斷歸納題。文中第二句說如果把金屬加熱,然後迅速放到水裡冷卻,也就會變得非常硬,但也變得脆。hard 是工藝的主觀目的。brittle是伴隨的客觀結果,故選A而不選D。B項明顯錯誤;C項是手段不是目的,因此,都可排除。 2、 答案為D,此題屬概括歸納題。timing 是時間的選擇。本答案的依據是5和6兩句,"The metal is heated,…length of time.","The longer…the softer it becomes."cool 的時間是可以控制的,時間越長越 soft,即硬度就越低。由此我們可得出結論:在退火過程中,金屬的硬度是受到冷卻的時間長短影響的。 3、 答案為C此題屬推理判斷題。文中提到"metal"。最後一句說退火工藝同樣可用於象玻璃一類的其他材料。文中我們已知"annealing"就是先"heat"後"cool slowly"。由此推斷C是正確的。 五、 猜詞悟義,掃除閱讀攔路虎。 猜詞是應用英語的重要能力,也是高考中常用的題型。它不但需要准確無誤地理解上下文,而且要有較大的泛讀量,掌握或認識較多的課外詞彙。我們要學會"順藤摸瓜",通過構詞,語法,定義,同位,對比,因果,常識,上下文等線索確定詞義。 a. 定義法 如:Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly. 句子給予annealing 以明確的定義,即"退火"。 It will be very hard but also very brittle------that is , it will break easily. 從後面的解釋中我們可以了解到brittle 是"脆"的意思。 The herdsman , who looks after sheep,earns about 650yuan a year. 定語從句中 looks after sheep 就表明了 herdsman 的詞義為"牧人"。 b 同位法 如: They traveled a long way , at last got to a castle, a large building in old times. 同位語部分a large building in old times 給出了 castle 的確切詞義,即"城堡"。 We are on the night shift----from midnight to 8 a.m.---this week. 兩個破折號之間的短語很清楚地表明night shift 是"夜班"的意思。 c. 對比法 She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class. but 一詞表轉折,因此but 前後的意思正相反。後半句的意思是她今天"第一節上了一半才來",因此反向推理,可得出她平時一向"准時"的結論。 d. 構詞法(前綴、後綴、復合、派生等) Perhaps, we can see some possibilities for next fifty years. But the next hundred? possibility 是 possible 的同根名詞, 據此可以判斷定 possibility 意思是"可能性"。 e. 因果法 The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken。Sometimes the weakness was permanent。So the player could never play the sport again. 從後面的結果"永遠不能再運動"中,可以推測 permanent做英語閱讀理解的技巧
❻ 高難度英語閱讀作文技巧
1、統一性
一個段落內的各個句子必須從屬於一個中心,任何游離於中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。請看下例:
Joe and I decided to take the long trip we'd always wanted across the country. We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life. Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie. We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country. We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park. Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner. To our surprise, we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much, and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico.
本段的主題句是段首句,controlling idea(中心思想)是take the long trip across the country。文中出現兩個irrelevant sentences,一個是Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie,這一段是講的是Joe and I ,中間出現一個Bella是不合適的。還有,Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner這一句更是與主題句不相關。再看一個例子:
My name is Roseanna, and I like to keep physically fit. I used to weigh two hundred pounds, but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program. In one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again. I bought two new suitcases last week. Everyday I practice jogging three miles, swimming fifteen laps, lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. My mother was a premature baby.
本段的controlling idea 是like to deep physically fit,但段中有兩個irrelevant sentences,一個是I bought two new suitcases last week,另一個是My mother was a premature baby。
從上面兩個例子可以看出,native speakers同樣會造出來irrelevant sentences。卷面上如果這種句子多了,造成偏題或離題,那問題就更嚴重了。
2、完整性
正象我們前面說得那樣,一個段落的主題思想靠推展句來實現,如果只有主題句而沒有推展句來進一步交待和充實,就不能構成一個完整的段落。同樣,雖然有推展句,但主題思想沒有得到相對圓滿的交待,給讀者一種意猶未盡的感覺。這樣的段落也不能完成其交際功能。例如:
Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil. Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task. Besides, it is more useful to work —— you proce something rather than more anxiety or depression.
本段的主題句是段首句。本段的兩個推展句均不能回答主題句中提出的問題。什麼是「a mind in turmoil」(心境不平靜)Physical work又如何能改變這種情況?為什麼它能起therapy的作用?讀者得不到明確的答案。因此,要達到完整就必須盡可能地簡明。例如:
It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words. Often writing is much clearer than a picture. It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means, but a careful writer can almost always explain it.
段首句所表達的主題思想是一種看法,必須有具體事例加以驗證。上述兩個推展句只是在文字上對主題作些解釋,整個段落內容空洞,簡而不明。如果用一兩個具體的例子的話,就可以把主題解釋清楚了。比如下段:
It is not always true that a picture is worth a thousand words. Sometimes, pictures are pretty useless things. If you can't swim and fall in the river and start gulping water, will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning, or start screaming "Help"?
3、連貫性(coherence)
連貫性包括意連和形連兩個方面,前者指的是內在的邏輯性,後者指的是使用轉換詞語。當然這兩者常常是不可分割的。只有形連而沒有意連,句子之間就沒有內在的有機的聯系;反之,只有意連而沒有形連,有時行文就不夠流暢。
1)、意連
段落中句子的排列應遵循一定的次序,不能想到什麼就寫什麼。如果在下筆之前沒有構思,邊寫邊想,寫寫停停,那就寫不出一氣呵成的好文章來。下面介紹幾種常見的排列方式。
A.按時間先後排列(chronological arrangement)
We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose, it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast; we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine o'clock. Then, when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours —— it must have been close to noon —— the heat nearly hid us in; the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down. By the time we reached the mountain, it was our o'clock and we were exhausted. Here, judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit, not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert. Sure enough, by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff, dragging Mohammed and me along with him. By nine, when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit, we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day.
本段從「rose」(起床)寫起,然後是吃早餐(「not to miss breakfast」, 「closing at nine o'clock」),然後是「close to noon」,一直寫到這一天結束(「By nine——」)。
B. 按位置遠近排列(spatial arrangement)。例如:
From a distance, it looked like a skinny tube, but as we got closer, we could see it flesh out before our eyes. It was tubular, all right, but fatter than we could see from far away. Furthermore, we were also astonished to notice that the building was really in two parts: a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular one-story structure. Standing ten feet away, we could marvel at how much of the pagoda was made up of glass windows. Almost everything under the wonderful Chinese roof was made of glass, unlike the tube that it was sitting on, which only had four. Inside, the tube was gloomy, because of the lack of light. Then a steep, narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda and the light changed dramatically. All those windows let in a flood of sunshine and we could see out for miles across the flat land.
本段的寫法是由遠及近,從遠處(「from a distance」)寫起,然後「get closer」,再到(「ten feet away」),最後是「inside the pagoda」……當然,按位置遠近來寫不等於都是由遠及近。根據需要,也可以由近及遠,由表及裡等等。
C. 按邏輯關系排列(logical arrangement)
a. 按重要性順序排列(arrangement in order of importance)
If you work as a soda jerker, you will, of course, not need much skill in expressing yourself to be effective. If you work on a machine, your ability to express yourself will be of little importance. But as soon as you move one step up from the bottom, your effectiveness depends on your ability to reach others through the spoken or the written word. And the further away your job is from manual work, the larger the organization of which you are an employee, the more important it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in writing or speaking. In the very large business organization, whether it is the government, the large corporation, or the Army, this ability to express oneself is perhaps the most important of all the skills a man can possess.
這一段談的是表達能力,它的重要性與職業,身份有關,從「not need much skill」或「of little importance」到「more important」,最後是「most important」。
b.由一般到特殊排列(general-to-specific arrangement)
If a reader is lost, it is generally because the writer has not been careful enough to keep him on the path. This carelessness can take any number of forms. Perhaps a sentence is so excessively cluttered that the reader, hacking his way through the verbiage, simply doesn't know what it means. Perhaps a sentence has been so shoddily constructed that the reader could read it in any of several ways. Perhaps the writer has switched tenses, or has switched pronouns in mid-sentence, so the reader loses track of when the action took place or who is talking. Perhaps sentence B is not logical sequel to sentence A —— the writer, in whose head the connection is clear, has not bothered to provide the missing link. Perhaps the writer has used an important word incorrectly by not taking the trouble to look it up. He may think that "sanguine" and "sanguinary" mean the same thing, but the difference is a bloody big one. The reader can only infer what the writer is trying to imply.
這一段談的是a writer's carelessness,先給出一個general statement作為主題句,然後通過5個 」perhaps」加以例證。
c. 由特殊到一般排列(specific-to-general arrangement)
I do not understand why people confuse my Siamese cat, Prissy, with the one I had several years ago, Henry. The two cats are only alike in breed. Prissy, a quiet, feminine feline, loves me dearly but not possessively. She likes to keep her distance from people, exert her independence and is never so rude as to beg, lick, or sniff unceremoniously. Her usual posture is sitting upright, eyes closed, perfectly still. Prissy is a very proper cat. Henry, on the other hand, loved me dearly but possessively. He was my shadow from morning till night. He expected me to constantly entertain him. Henry never cared who saw him do anything, whether it was decorous or not, and he usually offended my friends in some way. The cat made himself quite comfortable, on the top of the television, across stranger's feet or laps, in beds, drawers, sacks, closets, or nooks. The difference between them is imperceptible to strangers.
本段的主題句是段首句,它僅提出一個問題:為什麼兩只貓會被搞混。然後對兩者進行比較,末句才下結論。
2)、形連
行文的邏輯性常常要靠適當的轉換詞語及其他手段來實現。請讀下面這一段文字並找出文中用以承上啟下的詞語:
Walter's goal in life was to become a successful surgeon. First, though, he had to get through high school, so he concentrated all his efforts on his studies —— in particular, biology, chemistry, and math. Because he worked constantly on these subjects, Walter became proficient in them; however, Walter forgot that he needed to master other subjects besides those he had chosen. As a result, ring his junior year of high school, Walter failed both English and Latin. Consequently, he had to repeat these subjects and he was almost unable to graate on schele. Finally, on June 6, Walter achieved the first step toward realizing his goal.
本文中起承上啟下的詞語有兩種,一種是轉換詞語(transitional words or phrases),另一種是起轉換作用的其他連接手段(linking devices)。前者依次有:first, though, so, in particular, and, because, however, besides, as a result, both…and, consequently, and, finally.後者依次是:he, he, his, his, he, these, them, he, those, his, he, these, his. 本段中共有詞彙105個,所使用的轉換詞語及其他連接用語共26個詞,約占該段總詞彙量的四分之一。由此可見,掌握好transitions不僅對行文的流(smoothness)有益,而且對於學生在半個小時內寫120個詞也是不無好處的。
❼ 英語閱讀技巧
先把問題瀏覽一遍,之後再開始看文章,看文章不要怕生詞,沒有生詞的文章做了也沒什麼意義,見生詞就跳過!掌握大意即可!