英語寫作proposal

㈠ 求BEC2寫作中proposal的格式和範文!

Proposal concerning on .(題目)
Introction:（簡介,主要陳述問題）
Findings:（分析現況,給出簡明原因之類）
Recommendations:（重點版是這個部分,建議權書就是給建議的．所以這部分要多寫點,寫飽滿）
Conclusion:（套話結尾）
建議你買本作文書,人民郵電出版的那本很好．大連理工的一本商務英語也很有含金量．

㈡ 哪位高手能給一篇英語 Proposal範文內容不限！

兩篇英文proposal。網址://www.writing.eng.vt.e/workbooks/proposal.samples.html

A Proposal to Research the Storage Facility
for Spent Nuclear Fuel at Yucca Mountain
Roger Bloom
October 1997

Introction
Nuclear power plants proce more than 20 percent of the electricity used in the United States [Murray, 1989]. Unfortunately, nuclear fission, the process used to create this large amount energy, creates significant amounts of high level radioactive waste. More than 30,000 metric tons of nuclear waste have arisen from U.S. commercial reactors as well as high level nuclear weapons waste, such as uranium and plutonium [Roush, 1995]. Because of the build-up of this waste, some power plants will be forced to shut down. To avoid losing an important source of energy, a safe and economical place to keep this waste is necessary. This document proposes a literature review of whether Yucca Mountain is a suitable site for a nuclear waste repository. The proposed review will discuss the economical and environmental aspects of a national storage facility. This proposal includes my methods for gathering information, a schele for completing the review, and my qualifications.

Statement of Problem
On January 1, 1998, the Department of Energy (DOE) must accept spent nuclear fuel from commercial plants for permanent storage [Clark, 1997]. However, the DOE is undecided on where to put this high level radioactive waste. Yucca Mountain, located in Nevada, is a proposed site.

There are many questions regarding the safety of the Yucca Mountain waste repository. Researchers at Los Alamos National Laboratory disagree over the long-term safety of the proposed high level nuclear waste site located in Nevada. In 1994, Charles Bowman, a researcher at Los Alamos, developed a theory claiming that years of storing waste in the mountain may actually start a nuclear chain reaction and explode, similar to an atomic bomb [Taubes, 1995]. The stir caused by theory suggests that researchers have not explored all sides of the safety issue concerning potentially hazardous situations at Yucca Mountain.

Bowman's theory that Yucca Mountain could explode is based upon the idea that enough waste will eventually disperse through the rock to create a critical mass. A critical mass is an amount of fissile material, such as plutonium, containing enough mass to start a neutron chain reaction [Murray, 1989]. Bowman argues that if this chain reaction were started underground, the rocks in the ground would help keep the system compressed and speed up the chain reaction [Taubes, 1995]. A chain reaction formed underground could then generate huge amounts of energy in a fraction of a second, resulting in a nuclear blast. A nuclear explosion of this magnitude would emit large amounts of radioactivity into the air and ground water.

Another safety concern is the possibility of a volcanic eruption in Yucca Mountain. The long-term nuclear waste storage facility needs to remain stable for at least 10,000 years to allow the radioactive isotopes to decay to natural levels [Clark, 1997]. There are at least a dozen young volcanoes within 40 kilometers of the proposed Yucca Mountain waste site [Weiss, 1996]. The proximity of Yucca Mountain to these volcanoes makes it possible to have a volcanic eruption pass through the spent fuel waste repository. Such a volcanic eruption could release damaging amounts of radioactivity to the environment.

Objectives
I propose to review the available literature about using Yucca Mountain as a possible repository for spent nuclear fuel. In this review I will achieve the following two goals:

(1) explain the criteria for a suitable repository of high-level radioactive waste; and
(2) determine whether Yucca Mountain meets these criteria.

According to the Department of Energy (DOE), a repository for high-level radioactive waste must meet several criteria including safety, location, and economics [Roush, 1995]. Safety includes not only the effect of the repository on people near the site, but also people along the transportation routes to the site. In my research I will consider both groups of people. As far as location, a waste site cannot be in an area with a large population or near a ground water supply. Also, because one of the most significant factors in determining the life span of a possible repository is how long the waste storage canisters will remain in tact, the waste site must be located in a dry climate to eliminate the moisture that can cause the waste canisters to corrode. The economics involved in selecting a site is another criterion. At present, the Department of Energy (DOE) has spent more than 1.7 billion dollars on the Yucca Mountain project [Taubes, 1995]. For that reason, much pressure exists to select Yucca Mountain as a repository site; otherwise, this money would have been wasted. Other costs, though, have to be considered. For instance, how economical is it to transport radioactive waste across several states to a single national site? I will try to account for as many of these other costs as possible.

After explaining the criteria, I will assess how well Yucca Mountain meets those criteria. In this assessment, I will not assign a numerical score for each criterion. Rather, I will discuss qualitatively how well Yucca Mountain meets each criterion. In some situations, disagreement exists among experts as to how well Yucca Mountain meets a criterion. In such cases, I will present both sides. In this assessment, only Yucca Mountain will be considered as a possible site. Although many sites in the United States could meet the DOE's established criteria, I will consider only Yucca Mountain because the DOE is considering only Yucca Mountain [Taube, 1995].

Plan of Action
This section presents my plan for obtaining the objectives discussed in the previous section. There has been an increase of interest in the nuclear instry concerning the Yucca Mountain site because of the January 1,1998, deadline for the DOE. Several journal articles and papers discussing the possibility of Yucca Mountain as a spent fuel repository in our near future have surfaced as a consequence of that interest. These articles and books about the dangers of nuclear waste should provide sufficient information for me to complete my review. The following two paragraphs will discuss how I will use these sources in my research.

The first goal of my research is to explain the criteria for determining whether a nuclear waste repository is suitable. For example, will the rock structure be able to withstand human invasion in the future [Clark, 1997]? What will happen if the waste containers corrode and do not last as long as predicted? Will the natural setting contain the waste? To achieve this goal, I will rely on "Background on 40 CFR Part 197 Environmental Standards for Yucca Mountain" [Clark, 1997], the DOE Yucca Mountain home page [1997], and the book Understanding Radioactive Waste [Murray, 1989].

A second goal of my literature review is to evaluate Yucca Mountain meets those criteria. I will base my evaluation on the sources mentioned above as well as specific Environmental Protection Agency standards. I also intend to research the validity of possible environmental disasters, such as the explosion theory. To accomplish this goal, I will rely on the paper presented by Clark [1997], and on the book Blowup at Yucca Mountain [Taubes, 1995].

Because engineering students are the primary audience for my proposed research topic and may not be familiar with the history of nuclear waste, I will provide a background on past methods used for waste storage. People in the nuclear field with some knowledge of the waste problem facing the instry may be a secondary audience.

Management Plan
This section presents my schele, costs, and qualifications for completing the proposed research. This research culminates in a formal report, which will be completed by December 5, 1997. To reach this goal, I will follow the schele presented in Figure 1. Since I already possess literature on the subject of Yucca Mountain as a nuclear waste site, most of my time will be spent sorting through the literature to find key results, and presenting those results to the audience.

Figure 1. Schele for completion of the literature review. The formal presentation will be on October 27, and the formal report will be completed by December 5.

Given that all my sources are available through the University of Wisconsin library system, there is no appreciable cost associated with performing this review, unless one takes into consideration the amount of tuition spent on maintaining the university libraries. The only other minor costs are photoing articles, creating transparencies for my presentation, printing my report, and binding my report. I estimate these expenses will not exceed $20.

I am a senior in the Engineering Physics Department at the University of Wisconsin at Madison, majoring in nuclear engineering and physics. I have taken several classes related to nuclear waste, economics, and environmental studies. I believe that these courses will aid me in preparing the proposed review. For further information about my qualifications, see the attached resume.

Conclusion
More than 30,000 metric tons of nuclear waste have arisen from U.S. commercial reactors as well as high level nuclear weapons waste, such as uranium and plutonium [Roush, 1995]. This document has proposed research to evaluate the possibility of using Yucca Mountain as a possible repository for this spent nuclear fuel. The proposed research will achieve the following goals: (1) explain the criteria necessary to make a suitable high level radioactive waste repository, and (2) determine if Yucca Mountain meets these criteria. The research will include a formal presentation on November 11 and a formal report on December 5.

References
Clark, Raymond L., "Background on 40 CFR Part 197 Environmental Radiation Protection Standards for Yucca Mountain," Proceedings of the 1997 Waste Management Conference (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1997).

Kerr, R., "New Way to Ask the Experts: Rating Radioactive Waste Risks," Science, vol.274, (November1996), pp. 913-914.

Murray, Raymond L., Understanding Nuclear Waste (Battelle Press, 1989).

Roush, W., "Can Nuclear Waste Keep Yucca Mountain Dry-and Safe?" Science, vol. 270, (December 1995), pp. 1761-1762.

Taubes, G., "Blowup at Yucca Mountain," Science, vol.268, (June 1995), pp. 1836-1839.

㈢ 【急用】幫忙寫個proposal（建議）的英語作文！！求助大神不勝感激，有懸賞！！

They talk openly and honestly within the team, Good team player and corporate attitude, We stress teamwork in everything we do, How do you motivate a team to succeed?
The first, Self-motive and team work spirit, Leading and motivating your team with strong interaction skills. This is a team with enthusiasm and elegance. Participate in cost rection, Provide leadership for all Training personnel.
the bonus incentive, we insist that the trust among team members is a major factor determining the efficacy of the team bonus incentive, and we put forward some requirements for trust among team members with efficient bonus incentive, and in light of the conclusions drawn from the model, we come up with some methods and suggestions which may help to enhance the effectiveness of the bonus incentive and to minimize the demand for trust in team with efficient bonus incentive

㈣ 求BEC2寫作中proposal的格式和範文！

Proposal concerning on ....(題目)

Introction:（簡介，主要陳述問題）

Findings:（分析現況，給出簡明原因之類）

Recommendations:（重點是回這個部分，建議答書就是給建議的．所以這部分要多寫點，寫飽滿）

Conclusion:（套話結尾）

建議你買本作文書，人民郵電出版的那本很好．大連理工的一本商務英語也很有含金量．

㈤ 大學商務英語寫作題write proposal ，急急急急急，31號中午前！！！！

Report on staff recruitment As our company is developing several new procts， the department of R&D needs new staff urgently to help design and monitor our procts. Thus we need to recruit 35 new staff， including electrical engineers and proct developers. All of them should have at least two years 』 experience in relevant field. More specific requirements will finally be decided in a few days.As to recruitment methods， the disadvantage of relying on recruitment agency is that we need more time and procere than we can afford. So I suggest we turn to a more direct way of Newspaper advertisement， which has been used many times and proved effective. Comparing the two newspaper， Echo and Chronicle， we prefer the former because though it charges ？500 more than the latter， the general readers are 400，000 more， most of whom are highly-ecated.We are sure to get reply soon after we launch the recruitment campaign.

希望你借放寒假的時候，回家好好讀書

㈥ 誰有英文論文的proposal模板，給我一個吧

論文格式
1、論文格式的論文題目：（下附署名）要求准確、簡練、醒目、新穎。
2、論文格式的目錄
目錄是論文中主要段落的簡表。（短篇論文不必列目錄）
3、論文格式的內容提要：
是文章主要內容的摘錄，要求短、精、完整。字數少可幾十字，多不超過三百字為宜。
4、論文格式的關鍵詞或主題詞
關鍵詞是從論文的題名、提要和正文中選取出來的，是對表述論文的中心內容有實質意義的詞彙。關鍵詞是用作計算機系統標引論文內容特徵的詞語，便於信息系統匯集，以供讀者檢索。每篇論文一般選取3-8個詞彙作為關鍵詞，另起一行，排在「提要」的左下方。
主題詞是經過規范化的詞，在確定主題詞時，要對論文進行主題分析，依照標引和組配規則轉換成主題詞表中的規范詞語。（參見《漢語主題詞表》和《世界漢語主題詞表》）。
5、論文格式的論文正文：
（1）引言：引言又稱前言、序言和導言，用在論文的開頭。引言一般要概括地寫出作者意圖，說明選題的目的和意義, 並指出論文寫作的范圍。引言要短小精悍、緊扣主題。
〈2）論文正文：正文是論文的主體，正文應包括論點、論據、論證過程和結論。主體部分包括以下內容：
a.提出問題-論點；
b.分析問題-論據和論證；
c.解決問題-論證方法與步驟；
d.結論。
6、論文格式的參考文獻
一篇論文的參考文獻是將論文在研究和寫作中可參考或引證的主要文獻資料，列於論文的末尾。參考文獻應另起一頁，標注方式按《GB7714-87文後參考文獻著錄規則》進行。
中文：標題--作者--出版物信息（版地、版者、版期）
英文：作者--標題--出版物信息
所列參考文獻的要求是：
（1）所列參考文獻應是正式出版物，以便讀者考證。
（2）所列舉的參考文獻要標明序號、著作或文章的標題、作者、出版物信息。

按照上邊的論文格式來寫，可以使你的論文更加容易被讀者了解，被編輯採納。

論文格式模版
（天頭留出25毫米空白）
分類號 密級
U C D___________ 編號1 0 4 8 6
（此處間隔20毫米） （以上四項用仿宋標4號）
武 漢 大 學
碩 士 學 位 論 文
（論文題目與上一行間隔為25毫米） （以上二行用宋體標2號字）

論 文 題 目
（題目用楷體標1號字）

研 究 生 姓 名：
指導教師姓名、職稱：
學 科、專 業 名 稱：
研 究 方 向：
（以上四項用宋體標4號字）
（此處間隔為25毫米）

二00八年四月 （黑體標3號字）
（地腳留出25毫米空白邊緣）
分類號 密級
U C D 編號 1 0 4 8 6

武 漢 大 學
碩 士 學 位 論 文

大為

㈦ 英語寫作proposal裡面，在某部分寫了解決方法然後想在這段再加一小節來小結一下，這個小結部分英語叫什麼

generalize
brief summary
conclusion
我一般用的是第二個
要採納喲

㈧ 英語作文：white a proposal about saving water to all t

問題太多了，我正在寫，先採娜吧，可以么？因為我不想白寫，謝謝了親

㈨ 怎樣寫一篇好的RESEARCH PROPOSAL

每個學術研究者必須經歷的一道關卡，就是Research Proposal的寫作。它大致對應中文裡的「開題報告」、「選題報告」、「研究報告」，是一項研究開始之前的提綱、規劃和陳述；既是為了幫助自己梳理文獻、整理思路、廓清方向，也常常是寫給相關他人的說明：研究動機和意義何在？可能有何成果？為什麼它值得你的資助/認可/支持/批准？不知道是否可以說，好的proposal是研究成功的一半。但實際而功利的說，如果你的proposal很爛，可能根本就不會有開始研究的機會。

How to write a research proposal?

能否寫出漂亮的proposal，本質上取決於你對研究的思考深度和專業水準。但形式也很重要。英文的Research Proposal自有一套「八股」。程式化和結構化的好處就在於，可以讓讀者直接集中注意到最本質的內容上，而不是為形式分神。對於非英語native speaker的我們，如何理解英文學術世界的規范或曰思維定勢，也是寫作proposal之前必備的背景知識。下面這篇流傳甚廣的Research Proposal寫作指南，言簡意賅，頗具啟發，對我自己的寫作有所幫助，也希望能給更多的學界同仁帶來便利。[點擊這里，查看更多關於RESEARCH PROPOSAL以及GRANT PROPOSAL、PROJECT PROPOSAL寫作的網上資源]

文章作者Paul T. P. Wong, Ph.D., C.Psych. (Research Director, Graate Program in Counselling Psychology. Trinity Western University Langley, BC, Canada). 題為：How to Write a Research Proposal. 全文轉載如下：

Most students and beginning researchers do not fully understand what a research proposal means, nor do they understand its importance. To put it bluntly, one』s research is only as a good as one』s proposal. An ill-conceived proposal dooms the project even if it somehow gets through the Thesis Supervisory Committee. A high quality proposal, on the other hand, not only promises success for the project, but also impresses your Thesis Committee about your potential as a researcher.

A research proposal is intended to convince others that you have a worthwhile research project and that you have the competence and the work-plan to complete it. Generally, a research proposal should contain all the key elements involved in the research process and include sufficient information for the readers to evaluate the proposed study.

Regardless of your research area and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions: What you plan to accomplish, why you want to do it and how you are going to do it.

The proposal should have sufficient information to convince your readers that you have an important research idea, that you have a good grasp of the relevant literature and the major issues, and that your methodology is sound.

The quality of your research proposal depends not only on the quality of your proposed project, but also on the quality of your proposal writing. A good research project may run the risk of rejection simply because the proposal is poorly written. Therefore, it pays if your writing is coherent, clear and compelling.

This paper focuses on proposal writing rather than on the development of research ideas.

TITLE:

It should be concise and descriptive. For example, the phrase, 「An investigation of . . .」 could be omitted. Often titles are stated in terms of a functional relationship, because such titles clearly indicate the independent and dependent variables. However, if possible, think of an informative but catchy title. An effective title not only pricks the reader』s interest, but also predisposes him/her favourably towards the proposal.

ABSTRACT:

It is a brief summary of approximately 300 words. It should include the research question, the rationale for the study, the hypothesis (if any), the method and the main findings. Descriptions of the method may include the design, proceres, the sample and any instruments that will be used.

INTRODUCTION:

The main purpose of the introction is to provide the necessary background or context for your research problem. How to frame the research problem is perhaps the biggest problem in proposal writing.

If the research problem is framed in the context of a general, rambling literature review, then the research question may appear trivial and uninteresting. However, if the same question is placed in the context of a very focused and current research area, its significance will become evident.

Unfortunately, there are no hard and fast rules on how to frame your research question just as there is no prescription on how to write an interesting and informative opening paragraph. A lot depends on your creativity, your ability to think clearly and the depth of your understanding of problem areas.

However, try to place your research question in the context of either a current 「hot」 area, or an older area that remains viable. Secondly, you need to provide a brief but appropriate historical backdrop. Thirdly, provide the contemporary context in which your proposed research question occupies the central stage. Finally, identify 「key players」 and refer to the most relevant and representative publications. In short, try to paint your research question in broad brushes and at the same time bring out its significance.

The introction typically begins with a general statement of the problem area, with a focus on a specific research problem, to be followed by the rational or justification for the proposed study. The introction generally covers the following elements:

1. State the research problem, which is often referred to as the purpose of the study.
2. Provide the context and set the stage for your research question in such a way as to show its necessity and importance.
3. Present the rationale of your proposed study and clearly indicate why it is worth doing.
4. Briefly describe the major issues and sub-problems to be addressed by your research.
5. Identify the key independent and dependent variables of your experiment. Alternatively, specify the phenomenon you want to study.
6. State your hypothesis or theory, if any. For exploratory or phenomenological research, you may not have any hypotheses. (Please do not confuse the hypothesis with the statistical null hypothesis.)
7. Set the delimitation or boundaries of your proposed research in order to provide a clear focus.
8. Provide definitions of key concepts. (This is optional.)

LITERATURE REVIEW:

Sometimes the literature review is incorporated into the introction section. However, most professors prefer a separate section, which allows a more thorough review of the literature.

The literature review serves several important functions:

1. Ensures that you are not 「reinventing the wheel」.
2. Gives credits to those who have laid the groundwork for your research.
3. Demonstrates your knowledge of the research problem.
4. Demonstrates your understanding of the theoretical and research issues related to your research question.
5. Shows your ability to critically evaluate relevant literature information.
6. Indicates your ability to integrate and synthesize the existing literature.
7. Provides new theoretical insights or develops a new model as the conceptual framework for your research.
8. Convinces your reader that your proposed research will make a significant and substantial contribution to the literature (i.e., resolving an important theoretical issue or filling a major gap in the literature).

Most students』 literature reviews suffer from the following problems:

* Lacking organization and structure
* Lacking focus, unity and coherence
* Being repetitive and verbose
* Failing to cite influential papers
* Failing to keep up with recent developments
* Failing to critically evaluate cited papers
* Citing irrelevant or trivial references
* Depending too much on secondary sources

Your scholarship and research competence will be questioned if any of the above applies to your proposal.

There are different ways to organize your literature review. Make use of subheadings to bring order and coherence to your review. For example, having established the importance of your research area and its current state of development, you may devote several subsections on related issues as: theoretical models, measuring instruments, cross-cultural and gender differences, etc.

It is also helpful to keep in mind that you are telling a story to an audience. Try to tell it in a stimulating and engaging manner. Do not bore them, because it may lead to rejection of your worthy proposal. (Remember: Professors and scientists are human beings too.)

METHODS:

The Method section is very important because it tells your Research Committee how you plan to tackle your research problem. It will provide your work plan and describe the activities necessary for the completion of your project.

The guiding principle for writing the Method section is that it should contain sufficient information for the reader to determine whether methodology is sound. Some even argue that a good proposal should contain sufficient details for another qualified researcher to implement the study.

You need to demonstrate your knowledge of alternative methods and make the case that your approach is the most appropriate and most valid way to address your research question.

Please note that your research question may be best answered by qualitative research. However, since most mainstream psychologists are still biased against qualitative research, especially the phenomenological variety, you may need to justify your qualitative method.

Furthermore, since there are no well-established and widely accepted canons in qualitative analysis, your method section needs to be more elaborate than what is required for traditional quantitative research. More importantly, the data collection process in qualitative research has a far greater impact on the results as compared to quantitative research. That is another reason for greater care in describing how you will collect and analyze your data. (How to write the Method section for qualitative research is a topic for another paper.)

For quantitative studies, the method section typically consists of the following sections:

1. Design -Is it a questionnaire study or a laboratory experiment? What kind of design do you choose?
2. Subjects or participants – Who will take part in your study ? What kind of sampling procere do you use?
3. Instruments – What kind of measuring instruments or questionnaires do you use? Why do you choose them? Are they valid and reliable?
4. Procere – How do you plan to carry out your study? What activities are involved? How long does it take?

㈩ 求~英語論文proposal一篇

根據我搜集的一些網站來看，建議看看這個，要做畢業論文以及畢業設計的，推薦一個網站 http://www.lw54.com ，裡面的畢業設計什麼的全是優秀的，因為精挑細選的，網上很少有，都是相當不錯的畢業論文和畢業設計，對畢業論文的寫作有很大的參考價值，希望對你有所幫助。 別的相關範文很多的，推薦一些比較好的範文寫作網站，希望對你有幫助，這些精選的範文網站，裡面有大量的範文，也有各種文章寫作方法，注意事項，應該有適合你的，自己動手找一下，可不要照搬啊，參考一下，用自己的語言寫出來那才是自己的。 如果你不是校園網的話，請在下面的網站找： 畢業論文網： http://www.wsdxs.cn 分類很細 欄目很多 畢業論文： http://www.lw54.com 畢業設計： http://www.wsdxs.cn/html/sf/lw/2009/0928/146347.html 開題報告： http://www.wsdxs.cn/html/lunwen/kaitibaogao 實習論文： http://www.wsdxs.cn/html/shixi 寫作指導： http://www.wsdxs.cn/html/lunwen