普朗克分布英语怎么说及英文单词

A. 帮我翻译一个英文的单词．越详细越好

death

n.
死, 死亡, 致死的原因, 毁灭, 屠杀

death
death
AHD:[dµth]
D.J.[deG]
K.K.[dWG]
n.（名词）
The act of dying; termination of life.
死，死亡：死的动作；生命的终结
The state of being dead.
死亡状态
The cause of dying:
死因：
Drugs were the death of him.
毒品断送了他的生命
A manner of dying:
死亡的方式：
a heroine's death.
英勇的死
Often Death A personification of the destroyer of life, usually represented as a skeleton holding a scythe.
常作 Death 死神：生命的毁灭者的拟人形象，通常是一具手持大镰刀的骷髅
Bloodshed; murder.
流血；谋杀
Execution.
气坏，伤透：压制或激怒（某人）到无法忍耐的程度
Christian Science The proct of human belief of life in matter.
【基督教科学派】 （物质的）虚幻：人类对生命存于物质的信仰的产物
Law Civil death.
【法律】 剥夺公民权终身
The termination or extinction of something:
终止，结束：
the death of imperialism.
帝国主义的灭亡

at death's door
Near to death; gravely ill or injured.
行将就木；重病，重伤
be the death of (someone)
To distress or irritate (someone) to an intolerable degree.
处死
put to death
To execute.
处死
to death
To an intolerable degree; extremely:
到无法容忍的程度；极度地：
worried to death.
担心死了

Middle English deeth
中古英语 deeth
from Old English d¶h * see dheu- 2
源自 古英语 d¶h *参见 dheu- 2

death
[deW]
n.
死, 死亡
死因, 死状, 死法
致死
灭亡, 毁灭
惨案, 谋杀, 流血
[Death ]死神
瘟疫
无生气, 被夺公权
suffer death
遭死
feign[sham] death
装死
sentence sb. to death
宣判某人死刑
die a hero's death
英勇牺牲
avenge the death of his compatriots
为他的死难同胞报仇

deathbed
[5deWbed]
n.
临死时睡的床; 临终

death
[deW]
adj.
临终时做的
deathblow
[5deWblEJ]
n.
致命的一击
致死事物
deathcup
n.
【植】鬼笔鹅膏(一种有毒蘑菇)
deathin
n.
欧洲水生毒芹
deathplace
n.
死亡地点
death's -head
n.
象征死亡的骷髅头
deathtrap
n.
不安全的建筑物
非常危险的场所[境遇]
deathwatch
[5deWwRtF]
n.
临终的看护, 死囚的监守人
蛀木虫
deathworm
n.
死尸虫
deathwound
n.
致命伤
deathful
[`deWf?l]
adj.
死一样的
致命的, 杀人的
deathless
[5deWlIs]
adj.
不死的, 永恒的
deathlike
[`deWlaIk]
adj.
死了似的
deathly
[5deWlI]
adv.
死一样地
非常地
adj.
致死的, 如死的, 关于死亡的

a dog's death
可耻的死; 悲惨的死
After death the doctor.
[谚]人死了才请医生, 太迟了。
(as) pale as death
面如死色
as still as death
极静
as sure as death
千真万确
be death on
擅长..., 是...的能手
酷爱...
非常讨厌
极恨, 极反对
be in at the death
(打猎时)亲眼见到猎物被咬死; 亲眼看到事情的结局或高潮
be scared
吓得要命
be frightened
吓得要命
be the death of
把人笑死(常指笑话)
害死某人, 伤透某人的心
[口]成为...致死的原因, 逼得...苦死
be tickled to death
使人高兴极了; 使人心满意足; 使人笑破肚皮
Better a glorious death than a shameful life.
[谚]与其忍辱偷生, 莫若光荣而死。
bleed to death
因流血过多致死
bore sb. to death
使某人讨厌得要死
catch one's death (of cold)
患重感冒(夸张说法)
患了不治之症
cling like grim death (to)
[口]紧紧抓住, 拼命抓住
hold on like grim death (to)
[口]紧紧抓住, 拼命抓住
dice with death
拿性命开玩笑; 冒险
die a dog's death
可耻的死去; 悲惨的死去
die a martyr's death
壮烈牺牲
die a natural death
寿终, 得终天年(与 die a violent death"横死"相对)
die the death
必死
被处死
do to death
杀害
[口]搞得过了头; 重复过多令人生厌或发腻
drink oneself to death
酗酒致死
dry death
非溺死
不流血的死
everlasting death
【宗】永劫, 永远在地狱受苦
fed to death
感到厌烦死了
flog to death
重复得使人生厌
freeze to death
冻死
go one's death (on, for)
在...上孤注一掷
为...尽最大努力
gore to death
(有角动物)用角把...顶死
like grim death
拼命地, 牢牢地
living death
悲惨的生活; 毫无乐趣的生活
meet one's death
丧命, 死去
put to death
杀死, 处死
raise from death
使复活
raise from the death
使复活
raise to life
使复活
sick to death of
对...厌倦极了
sick unto death
病得厉害
极度厌倦
stone sb. to death
用石头将某人砸死
strae death
[苏]寿终正寝, 死在床上
sudden death
暴死
很强烈的酒; 质量很差的威士忌酒
talk to death
[美]唠唠叨叨地说个没完; 无休止地讨论使(议案等)不得通过
to death ...
到极点, ...得要命
to the death
到死; 到底
work oneself to death
使(自己)累得要死, 不休息
worse than death
比死还糟, 非常恶劣
death by misadventure
意外事故造成的死亡
death in the pot
暗藏的危险
Death is the grand leveller.
[谚]黄泉路上无贵贱。
Death knocks at the door.
死神在敲门, 接近死亡。
Death pays all debts. (=Death quits all scores .)
[谚]一死百了。
Death pays all debts. (=Death quits all accounts .)
[谚]一死百了。
Death pays all debts. (=Death squares all scores .)
[谚]一死百了。
Death pays all debts. (=Death squares all accounts.)
[谚]一死百了。
death under shield
战死; 阵亡

acute radiation death
烈性辐射死亡
Black Death
黑死病(1348-1349年猖獗于欧洲的鼠疫)
civil death
【律】终生剥夺公民权
clinical death
临床死亡
crib death
婴儿猝死综合症
cot death
婴儿猝死综合症
genetic death
遗传性死亡
heat death
热寂
impending death
垂死; 濒死
mimic death
假死
neutron death
中子俘获
reproctive death
生殖死亡
slow death
【电子】衰老
somatic death
身体死亡
sudden death
以先射入一球者为胜方的决胜方法

death
death
AHD:[dµth]
D.J.[deG]
K.K.[dWG]
n.
The act of dying; termination of life.
The state of being dead.
The cause of dying:
Drugs were the death of him.
A manner of dying:
a heroine's death.
Often Death A personification of the destroyer of life, usually represented as a skeleton holding a scythe.
Bloodshed; murder.
Execution.
Christian Science The proct of human belief of life in matter.
Law Civil death.
The termination or extinction of something:
the death of imperialism.

at death's door
Near to death; gravely ill or injured.
be the death of (someone)
To distress or irritate (someone) to an intolerable degree.
put to death
To execute.
to death
To an intolerable degree; extremely:
worried to death.

Middle English deeth
from Old English d¶h * see dheu- 2

death
birthlife

death
[deW]
n.
死，死亡；灭亡

B. 所有带有phobia的英文单词及翻译

题主我给你个网址：phobialist.com/

因为太多了，就不贴过来了，那里每个单词都有英文解释，很浅显易懂，实在不懂就查字典吧～

贴一小部分：
Ablutophobia- Fear of washing or bathing.
Acarophobia- Fear of itching or of the insects that cause itching.
Acerophobia- Fear of sourness.
Achluophobia- Fear of darkness.
Acousticophobia- Fear of noise.
Acrophobia- Fear of heights.
Aerophobia- Fear of drafts, air swallowing, or airbourne noxious substances.
Aeroacrophobia- Fear of open high places.
Aeronausiphobia- Fear of vomiting secondary to airsickness.
Agateophobia- Fear of insanity.
Agliophobia- Fear of pain.
Agoraphobia- Fear of open spaces or of being in crowded, public places like markets. Fear of leaving a safe place.
Agraphobia- Fear of sexual abuse.
Agrizoophobia- Fear of wild animals.
Agyrophobia- Fear of streets or crossing the street.
Aichmophobia- Fear of needles or pointed objects.
Ailurophobia- Fear of cats.
Albuminurophobia- Fear of kidney disease.
Alektorophobia- Fear of chickens.
Algophobia- Fear of pain.
Alliumphobia- Fear of garlic.
Allodoxaphobia- Fear of opinions.
Altophobia- Fear of heights.
Amathophobia- Fear of st.
Amaxophobia- Fear of riding in a car.
Ambulophobia- Fear of walking.
Amnesiphobia- Fear of amnesia.

C. lol海盗船长英文名

海盗船长中文名为“普朗克” 英文名就多了，具体的就有这几个单词的发音是可以译为普朗克的
ancis poulenc
planckeplanqueplonkpoulenc

D. 求普朗克的英文简介

Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck was born in Kiel, Germany, on April 23, 1858, the son of Julius Wilhelm and Emma (né Patzig) Planck. His father was Professor of Constitutional Law in the University of Kiel, and later in Göttingen.

Planck studied at the Universities of Munich and Berlin, where his teachers included Kirchhoff and Helmholtz, and received his doctorate of philosophy at Munich in 1879. He was Privatdozent in Munich from 1880 to 1885, then Associate Professor of Theoretical Physics at Kiel until 1889, in which year he succeeded Kirchhoff as Professor at Berlin University, where he remained until his retirement in 1926. Afterwards he became President of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society for the Promotion of Science, a post he held until 1937. The Prussian Academy of Sciences appointed him a member in 1894 and Permanent Secretary in 1912.

Planck's earliest work was on the subject of thermodynamics, an interest he acquired from his studies under Kirchhoff, whom he greatly admired, and very considerably from reading R. Clausius' publications. He published papers on entropy, on thermoelectric ity and on the theory of dilute solutions.

At the same time also the problems of radiation processes engaged his attention and he showed that these were to be considered as electromagnetic in nature. From these studies he was led to the problem of the distribution of energy in the spectrum of full radiation. Experimental observations on the wavelength distribution of the energy emitted by a black body as a function of temperature were at variance with the predictions of classical physics. Planck was able to dece the relationship between the ener gy and the frequency of radiation. In a paper published in 1900, he announced his derivation of the relationship: this was based on the revolutionary idea that the energy emitted by a resonator could only take on discrete values or quanta. The energy for a resonator of frequency v is hv where h is a universal constant, now called Planck's constant.

This was not only Planck's most important work but also marked a turning point in the history of physics. The importance of the discovery, with its far-reaching effect on classical physics, was not appreciated at first. However the evidence for its validi ty graally became overwhelming as its application accounted for many discrepancies between observed phenomena and classical theory. Among these applications and developments may be mentioned Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect.

Planck's work on the quantum theory, as it came to be known, was published in the Annalen der Physik. His work is summarized in two books Thermodynamik (Thermodynamics) (1897) and Theorie der Wärmestrahlung (Theory of heat radiat ion) (1906).

He was elected to Foreign Membership of the Royal Society in 1926, being awarded the Society's Copley Medal in 1928.

Planck faced a troubled and tragic period in his life ring the period of the Nazi government in Germany, when he felt it his ty to remain in his country but was openly opposed to some of the Government's policies, particularly as regards the persecuti on of the Jews. In the last weeks of the war he suffered great hardship after his home was destroyed by bombing.

He was revered by his colleagues not only for the importance of his discoveries but for his great personal qualities. He was also a gifted pianist and is said to have at one time considered music as a career.

Planck was twice married. Upon his appointment, in 1885, to Associate Professor in his native town Kiel he married a friend of his childhood, Marie Merck, who died in 1909. He remarried her cousin Marga von Hösslin. Three of his children died young, leaving him with two sons.

He suffered a personal tragedy when one of them was executed for his part in an unsuccessful attempt to assassinate Hitler in 1944.

He died at Göttingen on October 4, 1947.

E. 11，12，13，14，15，16，17，18，19，20的英文怎么写

11，12，13，14，15，16，17，18，19，20的英文分别写作：eleven，twelve，thirteen，fourteen，fifteen，sixteen，seventeen，eighteen，nineteen，twenty。

1、两位的数目，先说十位的数字再说个位的数字； 例如 21 是 twenty-one, 35 是 thirty-five, 99 是 ninety-nine, 如此类推。

2、三位或以上的数目，需引入 and，就是和这个字。 例如 101 是 one hundred and one, 550 是 five hundred and fifty, 999 是 nine hundred and ninety-nine, 如此类推。

(5)普朗克分布英语怎么说及英文单词扩展阅读：

英语中分数、百分数、小数的表达介绍：

1、3/4 : three-fourths

2、1/5 : one-fifth

3、2/5 : two-fifths

4、1/10 : one-tenth;a tenth

5、1/100 : one-hundredth;one per cent

6、1/1000 : one-thousandth

7、1/10000 : one ten-thousandth

8、100% : one hundred per cent

9、0.5% : point five per cent

10、0.46% : point four sixper cent

11、2.05 : two point nought five;two point O five

12、6.003 : six point nought nought three;six point O O three

13、78.12 : seventy-eight point one two

F. 求普朗克一句名言的英文原话 我要的是原话 谢谢 高悬赏

全句复：我并不期望发现新大陆制，只希望理解已经存在的物理学基础，或许能将其加深。
德语原句：Ich hege nicht den Wunsch, Neuland zu entdecken, sondern lediglich, die bereits bestehenden Fundamente der physikalischen Wissenschaft zu verstehen, vielleicht auch noch zu vertiefen.
普克朗是德国物理学家，他说的原话也会是德语，英语也只是后期翻译的，也会有不同版本，没有所谓的英语原话。希望你满意。

G. 搜索所有方位的英语单词及中文

之前 behind在,之后on 或above在,in front of在,之上 under在。

H. 药代动力学的英文单词是什么 还有“组织分布”、“血液分布”等与药代动力学有关的英文名词...

药代动力学：pharmacokinetics
隔室：compartment
分布：distribution
分布体积：aparent volume of distribution
系统药物暴露：Systemic Exposure
消除：elimination
消除速率常数（elimination constants
消除半专衰期t1/2(β属)：Terminal Half-life ,Elimination Half-life.
清除率：clearance,廓清率或肾清除率：renal clearance

I. 求普朗克的英文介绍

Max Planck

born April 23, 1858, Kiel, Schleswig [Germany]
died Oct. 4, 1947, Göttingen, W.Ger.

Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck theoretical physicist who originated quantum theory, which won him the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1918.

Planck made many contributions to theoretical physics, but his fame rests primarily on his role as originator of the quantum theory. This theory revolutionized our understanding of atomic and subatomic processes, just as Albert Einstein's theory of relativity revolutionized our understanding of space and time. Together they constitute the fundamental theories of 20th-century physics. Both have forced man to revise some of his most cherished philosophical beliefs, and both have led to instrial and military applications that affect every aspect of modern life.

Early life
Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck was the sixth child of a distinguished jurist and professor of law at the University of Kiel. The long family tradition of devotion to church and state, excellence in scholarship, incorruptibility, conservatism, idealism, reliability, and generosity became deeply ingrained in Planck's own life and work. When Planck was nine years old, his father received an appointment at the University of Munich, and Planck entered the city's renowned Maximilian Gymnasium, where a teacher, Hermann Müller, stimulated his interest in physics and mathematics. But Planck excelled in all subjects, and after graation at age 17 he faced a difficult career decision. He ultimately chose physics over classical philology or music because he had dispassionately reached the conclusion that it was in physics that his greatest originality lay. Music, nonetheless, remained an integral part of his life. He possessed the gift of absolute pitch and was an excellent pianist who daily found serenity and delight at the keyboard, enjoying especially the works of Schubert and Brahms. He also loved the outdoors, taking long walks each day and hiking and climbing in the mountains on vacations, even in advanced old age.

Planck entered the University of Munich in the fall of 1874 but found little encouragement there from physics professor Philipp von Jolly. During a year spent at the University of Berlin (1877–78), he was unimpressed by the lectures of Hermann von Helmholtz and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff, despite their eminence as research scientists. His intellectual capacities were, however, brought to a focus as the result of his independent study, especially of Rudolf Clausius' writings on thermodynamics. Returning to Munich, he received his doctoral degree in July 1879 (the year of Einstein's birth) at the unusually young age of 21. The following year he completed his Habilitationsschrift (qualifying dissertation) at Munich and became a Privatdozent (lecturer). In 1885, with the help of his father's professional connections, he was appointed ausserordentlicher Professor (associate professor) at the University of Kiel. In 1889, after the death of Kirchhoff, Planck received an appointment to the University of Berlin, where he came to venerate Helmholtz as a mentor and colleague. In 1892 he was promoted to ordentlicher Professor (full professor). He had only nine doctoral students altogether, but his Berlin lectures on all branches of theoretical physics went through many editions and exerted great influence. He remained in Berlin for the rest of his active life.

Planck recalled that his “ decision to devote myself to science was a direct result of the discovery . . . that the laws of human reasoning coincide with the laws governing the sequences of the impressions we receive from the world about us; that, therefore, pure reasoning can enable man to gain an insight into the mechanism of the [world]. . . .” He deliberately decided, in other words, to become a theoretical physicist at a time when theoretical physics was not yet recognized as a discipline in its own right. But he went further: he concluded that the existence of physical laws presupposes that the “outside world is something independent from man, something absolute, and the quest for the laws which apply to this absolute appeared . . . as the most sublime scientific pursuit in life.”

The first instance of an absolute in nature that impressed Planck deeply, even as a Gymnasium student, was the law of the conservation of energy, the first law of thermodynamics. Later, ring his university years, he became equally convinced that the entropy law, the second law of thermodynamics, was also an absolute law of nature. The second law became the subject of his doctoral dissertation at Munich, and it lay at the core of the researches that led him to discover the quantum of action, now known as Planck's constant h, in 1900.

In 1859–60 Kirchhoff had defined a blackbody as an object that reemits all of the radiant energy incident upon it; i.e., it is a perfect emitter and absorber of radiation. There was, therefore, something absolute about blackbody radiation, and by the 1890s various experimental and theoretical attempts had been made to determine its spectral energy distribution—the curve displaying how much radiant energy is emitted at different frequencies for a given temperature of the blackbody. Planck was particularly attracted to the formula found in 1896 by his colleague Wilhelm Wien at the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt (PTR) in Berlin-Charlottenburg, and he subsequently made a series of attempts to derive “Wien's law” on the basis of the second law of thermodynamics. By October 1900, however, other colleagues at the PTR, the experimentalists Otto Richard Lummer, Ernst Pringsheim, Heinrich Rubens, and Ferdinand Kurlbaum, had found definite indications that Wien's law, while valid at high frequencies, broke down completely at low frequencies.

Planck learned of these results just before a meeting of the German Physical Society on October 19. He knew how the entropy of the radiation had to depend mathematically upon its energy in the high-frequency region if Wien's law held there. He also saw what this dependence had to be in the low-frequency region in order to reproce the experimental results there. Planck guessed, therefore, that he should try to combine these two expressions in the simplest way possible, and to transform the result into a formula relating the energy of the radiation to its frequency.

The result, which is known as Planck's radiation law, was hailed as indisputably correct. To Planck, however, it was simply a guess, a “lucky intuition.” If it was to be taken seriously, it had to be derived somehow from first principles. That was the task to which Planck immediately directed his energies, and by December 14, 1900, he had succeeded—but at great cost. To achieve his goal, Planck found that he had to relinquish one of his own most cherished beliefs, that the second law of thermodynamics was an absolute law of nature. Instead he had to embrace Ludwig Boltzmann's interpretation, that the second law was a statistical law. In addition, Planck had to assume that the oscillators comprising the blackbody and re-emitting the radiant energy incident upon them could not absorb this energy continuously but only in discrete amounts, in quanta of energy; only by statistically distributing these quanta, each containing an amount of energy hn proportional to its frequency, over all of the oscillators present in the blackbody could Planck derive the formula he had hit upon two months earlier. He adced additional evidence for the importance of his formula by using it to evaluate the constant h (his value was 6.55 ´ 10-27 erg-second, close to the modern value), as well as the so-called Boltzmann constant (the fundamental constant in kinetic theory and statistical mechanics), Avogadro's number, and the charge of the electron. As time went on physicists recognized ever more clearly that—because Planck's constant was not zero but had a small but finite value—the microphysical world, the world of atomic dimensions, could not in principle be described by ordinary classical mechanics. A profound revolution in physical theory was in the making.

Planck's concept of energy quanta, in other words, conflicted fundamentally with all past physical theory. He was driven to introce it strictly by the force of his logic; he was, as one historian put it, a reluctant revolutionary. Indeed, it was years before the far-reaching consequences of Planck's achievement were generally recognized, and in this Einstein played a central role. In 1905, independently of Planck's work, Einstein argued that under certain circumstances radiant energy itself seemed to consist of quanta (light quanta, later called photons), and in 1907 he showed the generality of the quantum hypothesis by using it to interpret the temperature dependence of the specific heats of solids. In 1909 Einstein introced the wave–particle ality into physics. In October 1911 he was among the group of prominent physicists who attended the first Solvay conference in Brussels. The discussions there stimulated Henri Poincaré to provide a mathematical proof that Planck's radiation law necessarily required the introction of quanta—a proof that converted James (later Sir James) Jeans and others into supporters of the quantum theory. In 1913 Niels Bohr also contributed greatly to its establishment through his quantum theory of the hydrogen atom. Ironically, Planck himself was one of the last to struggle for a return to classical theory, a stance he later regarded not with regret but as a means by which he had thoroughly convinced himself of the necessity of the quantum theory. Opposition to Einstein's radical light quantum hypothesis of 1905 persisted until after the discovery of the Compton effect in 1922.

Planck was 42 years old in 1900 when he made the famous discovery that in 1918 won him the Nobel Prize for Physics and that brought him many other honours. It is not surprising that he subsequently made no discoveries of comparable importance. Nevertheless, he continued to contribute at a high level to various branches of optics, thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, physical chemistry, and other fields. He was also the first prominent physicist to champion Einstein's special theory of relativity (1905). “The velocity of light is to the Theory of Relativity,” Planck remarked, “as the elementary quantum of action is to the Quantum Theory; it is its absolute core.” In 1914 Planck and the physical chemist Walther Hermann Nernst succeeded in bringing Einstein to Berlin, and after the war, in 1919, arrangements were made for Max von Laue, Planck's favourite student, to come to Berlin as well. When Planck retired in 1928, another prominent theoretical physicist, Erwin Schrödinger, the originator of wave mechanics, was chosen as his successor. For a time, therefore, Berlin shone brilliantly as a centre of theoretical physics—until darkness enveloped it in January 1933 with the ascent of Adolf Hitler to power.

In his later years, Planck devoted more and more of his writings to philosophical, aesthetic, and religious questions. Together with Einstein and Schrödinger, he remained adamantly opposed to the indeterministic, statistical worldview introced by Bohr, Max Born, Werner Heisenberg, and others into physics after the advent of quantum mechanics in 1925–26. Such a view was not in harmony with Planck's deepest intuitions and beliefs. The physical universe, Planck argued, is an objective entity existing independently of man; the observer and the observed are not intimately coupled, as Bohr and his school would have it.

Planck became permanent secretary of the mathematics and physics sections of the Prussian Academy of Sciences in 1912 and held that position until 1938; he was also president of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (now the Max Planck Society) from 1930 to 1937. These offices and others placed Planck in a position of great authority, especially among German physicists; seldom were his decisions or advice questioned. His authority, however, stemmed fundamentally not from the official appointments he held but from his personal moral force. His fairness, integrity, and wisdom were beyond question. It was completely in character that Planck went directly to Hitler in an attempt to reverse Hitler's devastating racial policies and that he chose to remain in Germany ring the Nazi period to try to preserve what he could of German physics.

Planck was a man of indomitable will. Had he been less stoic, and had he had less philosophical and religious conviction, he could scarcely have withstood the tragedies that entered his life after age 50. In 1909, his first wife, Marie Merck, the daughter of a Munich banker, died after 22 years of happy marriage, leaving Planck with two sons and twin daughters. The elder son, Karl, was killed in action in 1916. The following year, Margarete, one of his daughters, died in childbirth, and in 1919 the same fate befell Emma, his other daughter. World War II brought further tragedy. Planck's house in Berlin was completely destroyed by bombs in 1944. Far worse, the younger son, Erwin, was implicated in the attempt made on Hitler's life on July 20, 1944, and in early 1945 he died a horrible death at the hands of the Gestapo. That merciless act destroyed Planck's will to live. At war's end, American officers took Planck and his second wife, Marga von Hoesslin, whom he had married in 1910 and by whom he had had one son, to Göttingen. There, in 1947, in his 89th year, he died. Death, in the words of James Franck, came to him “as a redemption.”

Editions of Planck's works include The Theory of Heat Radiation (1914, reprinted 1991; originally published in German, 2nd rev. ed., 1913); Where Is Science Going?, trans. from German (1932, reprinted 1981), discussing free will and determinism; and The Philosophy of Physics, trans. from German (1936, reissued 1963). Planck described his life and work in his Scientific Autobiography, and Other Papers, trans. from German (1949, reissued 1968). Henry Lowood (compiler), Max Planck: A Bibliography of His Non-Technical Writings (1977), lists more than 600 articles published between 1879 and 1976.

Hans Kangro, “Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck,” in Charles Coulston Gillispie (ed.), Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol. 11 (1975), pp. 7–17, contains an excellent short biography. Armin Hermann, Max Planck in Selbstzeugnissen und Bilddokumenten (1973); and Hans Hartmann, Max Planck als Mensch und Denker (1953, reissued 1964), are biographies in German. J.L. Heilbron, The Dilemmas of an Upright Man: Max Planck as Spokesman for German Science (1986), concentrates on the moral dilemmas Planck faced.

Technical books that treat Planck's work and the history of quantum physics include Edmund Whittaker, A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity, rev. and enlarged ed., vol. 2, The Modern Theories, 1900–1926 (1953, reissued 1987); Max Jammer, The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics (1966, reissued 1989); Armin Hermann, The Genesis of Quantum Theory (1899–1913) (1971; originally published in German, 1969); Roger H. Stuewer, The Compton Effect: Turning Point in Physics (1975); Hans Kangro, Early History of Planck's Radiation Law (1976; originally published in German, 1970); and Thomas S. Kuhn, Black-Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity, 1894–1912 (1978, reprinted 1987).

Nontechnical books include Barbara Lovett Cline, The Questioners: Physicists and the Quantum Theory (1965); Emilio Segrè, From X-Rays to Quarks: Modern Physicists and Their Discoveries (1980); Ilse Rosenthal-Schneider, Reality and Scientific Truth: Discussions with Einstein, von Laue, and Planck (1980); and Alex Keller, The Infancy of Atomic Physics: Hercules in His Cradle (1983). Especially noteworthy are three articles by Martin J. Klein: “Max Planck and the Beginning of the Quantum Theory,” Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 1(5):459–479 (1962), “Planck, Entropy, and Quanta, 1901–1906,” The Natural Philosopher, 1:83–108 (1963), and “Thermodynamics and Quanta in Planck's Work,” Physics Today, 19:23–32 (1966).