现象阐述型英语四级作文模板

Ⅰ 大学英语四级作文模板

解决方法题型
要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径
1． 问题现状
2． 怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点)
In recent days, we have to face I problem-----A, which is becoming more and more serious. First, (说明A的现状)．Second, (举例进一步说明现状)
Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing, (解决方法一). For another （解决方法二). Finally, 解决方法三).
Personally, I believe that (我的解决方法). Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because (带来的好处).
对比选择型作文模板
When it comes to＿＿＿＿ ,different people hold different views .
Some contend that＿＿＿＿. For one thing,＿＿＿＿ .Foranother,＿＿＿ .
In spite of all these claims, others maintain that ＿＿＿＿，They point out that＿＿＿＿ .Another instance often cited is that＿＿＿＿ .
It’s no easy task to find a satisfactory answer to the issue.As for me, there’s some truth to both arguments .It’s advisable to ＿＿＿＿＿＿.
说明利弊题型
这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状，再对比事物本身的利弊，有时也会单从一个角度（利或弊）出发，最后往往要求考生表明自己的态度（或对事物前景提出预测）
1． 说明事物现状
2． 事物本身的优缺点（或一方面）
3． 你对现状（或前景）的看法
Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our daily life. Generally, its advantages can be seen as follows. First (A的优点之一). Besides （A的优点之二）.
But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. One of the important disadvantages is that(A的第一个缺点)．To make matters worse,(A的第二个缺点)．
Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones. Therefore, I would like to(我的看法)．
(From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A, we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are in. Only by this way, (对前景的预测)．)
现象解释型作文模板：
Recently, ＿＿＿＿What amazes us most is＿＿＿＿＿．It is true that ＿＿＿＿＿.There are many reasons explaining ＿＿＿＿＿＿．The main reason is＿＿＿＿＿ ，What is more, ＿＿＿＿＿，Thirdly, ＿＿＿＿＿．As a result, ＿＿＿＿＿．
Considering all these, ＿＿＿＿＿．For one thing, ＿＿＿＿For another, ＿＿＿＿．In conclusion, ＿＿＿＿
问题解决型作文模板：
With the ＿＿＿＿of＿＿＿＿，So it is of great importance for us to＿＿＿＿ . On the one hand＿＿＿＿, On the other hand＿＿＿＿,
However, we have figured out many ways to ＿＿＿＿＿．Firstly, ＿＿＿＿So long as＿＿＿＿ . Secondly＿＿＿＿, Thirdly＿＿＿＿．In fact＿＿＿＿, That is because ＿＿＿＿.
In a word,＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．
图表作文的框架
as is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage inthetable(graph/picture/pie/chart), ___作文题目的议题_____ has been on rise/ decrease (goesup/increases/drops/decreases),significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____. From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.
Thereareatleasttwogoodreasons accounting for ______. Ontheonehand, ________. Ontheotherhand,_______ isetothefactthat ________.Inaddition, ________ isresponsiblefor _______. ________. convincing.
AsfarasIamconcerned,I hold the point of view that _______. -grounded.
实用性写作(申请信)
Your address
Month, Date, year
Receiver''s address
Dear ...,
I am extremely pleased to hear from you./ to see your advertisement for the position in .... And I would like to write a letter to tell you that.../ I am confident that I am suitable for the kind of the job you are advertising.
.../ I feel I am competent to meet the requirements you have listed. On the one hand, .... On the other hand, .... I am enclosing my resume for your kind consideration and reference.
I shall be much obliged if you will offer me a precious opportunity to an interview. I will greatly appreciate a response from you at your earliest convenience/ I am looking forward to your replies at your earliest convenience.
Best regards for your health and success.
Sincerely yours,
X X X
对比观点题型
（1） 要求论述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。
1． 有一些人认为
2． 另一些人认为
3． 我的看法。。。
The topic of （主题）is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two sides of opinions of it. Some people say A is their favorite. They hold their view for the reason of （支持A的理由一）What is more, 理由二). Moreover, (理由三).
While others think that B is a better choice in the following three reasons. Firstly,(支持B的理由一). Secondly (besides),（理由二）. Thirdly (finally),(理由三).
From my point of view, I think （我的观点）. The reason is that (原因). As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice. For me, the former
希望我的回答能帮助到你，望采纳，谢谢

Ⅱ 英语四级作文万能模板 强烈推荐！！

希望对你有所帮助：段首句常用句式如下：

1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为……

There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____.

2. 俗话说（常言道）……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。

There is an old saying______. It"s the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today.

3. 现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……；其次，……。更为糟糕的是……。

Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ____ Second,____. What makes things worse is that______.

4. 现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外（而且）……。

Nowadays，it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because ______. Besides，______.

5. 任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。

Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages.

6. 关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为（说）……，在他们看来，……

People’s opinions about ______ vary from person to person. Some people say that ______.To them,_____.

7. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。

Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more serious.

8. ……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。

______ has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way.

9. ……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重的问题。

______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.it has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.

10. 根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出……。很显然……，但是为什么呢？

According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph，it can be seen that______ while. Obviously，______，but why?

Ⅲ 英语4级作文模板

我们老师给的，很不错哦

对比选择模板二：
① quite a few/ a lot of people believe/ takeit for granted that 某人观点或做法。②even some people 进一步说明该观点或做法.③However， I hold the entirely differentview./ I don’t approve/favor 这种观点或做法./ I don’t think 该观点或做法的不当之处.
//①(Nowadays /Inrecent years,)一种现象.②Some 一些人的看法或做法，while others 另一些的看法或做法. ③ As to me, Iprefer to /am in favor of the former/latter(opinion) (提出观点段)
④ Of course, 我不赞同观点的合理性.⑤ For example, 支持其合理性的例子、(Also,)进一步阐述其合理性.⑥ But it doesn’t mean/ it is worthnoting that 我不赞同观点的不足.⑦From my point of view/ In my view, 我的不同观点.(反面论证段)
⑧The following reasons can accountfor/ contribute to /support my argument.⑨ First, 理由一.⑩ A goodexample to illustrate is 支持理由一的例子/进一步说明理由一.11Second,理由二. 12 To conclude/From the foregoing, 重申观点.

第二类：问题解决型
1. 现在很多年轻人缺乏拼搏精神
2. 导致这一问题的原因是什么
3. 大学生应该加强拼搏精神

问题解决型模板1
描述问题段
Nowadays / In recent years, there are (still)/ have been quite (a)few people 或其他涉及人群who 做法、看法./ (still) more and more/(still) quite a few/ few people (still) 或其他涉及人群的做法/看法. However /Indeed, 这种做法/看法的不当之处/危害性/表现. Even worse/ besides， 进一步说明该做法/看法的危害/表现.
// Nowadays/ In recent years, 问题is /are becoming / have/ hasbecome a serious problem/ 问题 is getting more and more concern/ drawing wide attention.问题表现一. Even worse/Besides, 问题表现二.
说明原因段
Thereare many factors resulting in/ influencing 该问题./Many reasons contribute to 该问题./该问题 is e tothe following factors/ reasons. Among these, 原因一plays / play a vital role/ is an important one. 进一步阐述原因一. What’s more/ In addition, 原因二.
说明方法段
Consideringthe seriousness of 该问题/ the great harm brought by 该问题/ the importance of 该问题， I think it is high time 采取行动或措施/ we paid more attention to 该问题。Firstly/ Above all, 方法一. Secondly/ Moreover, 方法二。 Thirdly/Besides/ In addition, 方法三. To conclude / In a word, it is everyone’s responsibility to 为解决该问题付出努力/ it depends on commoneffort from 对解决问题起作用的人to 最终解决该问题. / It is an urgent thing 解决该问题. / Only in this way/ throughthese ways 该问题才能解决。
How to Improve the Parent-child Relationship
1. 父母与孩子之间的代沟越来越大
2. 造成代沟产生的原因
3. 如何消除代沟，并改善父母与孩子之间的关系
问题解决型模板2.
描述问题段
（As manypeople know, / It is generally accepted that）总数该问题. 表现一/作用一. Additionally, 表现二/作用二. Therefore, how to 总述该问题is worth paying more attention to / more attention from 应该关注该问题的人群.
说明方法/因素段
The following ways can be adopted/ Someeffective measures have been taken to 解决该问题./ Many a factor plays an important role in 解决该问题. Firstly/Above all, 方法一/因素一. Secondly/ Moreover, 方法二/ 因素二.Thirdly/ Besides/ In addition, 方法三/ 因素三.
阐述观点段
As for me/ As far as I am concerned, 我的建议或看法. “我”的理由一. Besides/ In addition, 我的
问题解决型模板3.
描述问题段
Nowadays/Recently/ In recent years, 问题has become quite a serious problem in 问题存在的主要范围/ has aroused widespread attention/ concern form 关注人群. 问题表现一/原因一/重要性一. What’s worse/ In addition, 问题表现二/原因二/重要性二.
说明危害段
( It is very clear that / As everyonesees,) 该问题 is /arebringing great damage/ harm to 危害对象/ 该问题proce(s) harmfuleffects in many aspects,/ (Though 该问题可能不太严重的表现，)该问题 can bring great negative effects (on 影响的对象)》 Above all / First of all, 危害一. 进一步阐述危害一. Furthermore/Moreover/ Even worse/ What’s more, 危害二.
说明方法段
Undoubtedly/ Considering the seriousness ofthe problem, it is an urgent thing (for us to take effective measures ) to 解决该问题./ We should pay more attentionto 该问题. Firstly/First of all, 方法一. 进一步阐述方法一./ Secondly/ Moreover, 方法二. Thirdly/ Besides/ In addition, 方法二/方法三. Only through these ways / Only in this way 该问题才能够解决.

第三类：现象解释型结构模板
第一段：通过数据展示和现象描述，提出问题可能的原因有如下几个方面。
第二段：承接首段观点，对本段内容加以限制，分层次说明现象的原因。
第三段：结论，简要提出建议。
模板1：
As is clearly sown by the (table, chart, graph), obviously there isa great rise in….., while there is a great falling in…..现象
（According to the recent survey, 现象）
There are three reasons for the (tendency, phenomenon). (severalfactors contribute to the …..) one is that ….Another important reason lies inthe fact that….. What’s more….
To the tendency (Phenomenon), I suggest/ think …..(In a word, if,,,,there is certain to be….)
模板2
引言段最后一句可以是：
The reasons for this phenomenon can belisted as follows.
The following three reasons can explain theproblem.
This situation comes form the reasonsbelow.
结尾段可以这样表达
In light of the explanation of its causesabove, we suggest that …
After analyzing the causes of this matter,I would like to suggest that ….

Ⅳ 求现象分析型英语四级作文范文

范文来自《2010年6月英语四级作文考前预测范文》

预测作文（四）
Teenagers' Studying Abroad

1. 现在有很多青少年出国留学
2. 有些人认为这种做法是有益的
3. 我认为这种观点是不对的

【范文】
Recently it seems that among the students who choose to study abroad, there are more and more-teenagers who study in high schools or even elementary schools. Many people, especially the parents, think it will certainly do good to their chidren because the independent life will make them learn confidence and perseverance. Moreover, the quality of overseas ecation is often higher, thus the child stands a better chance of entering a better university and getting a better job in the future.

After careful consideration, I have to say the above view is more than biased. On the one hand, early independent life is not necessarily good, if the child cannot receive proper guidance and tender care from both teachers and parents. On the other hand, the ecational quality is also a question—too many foreign schools aim at earning money. When the children come back, who can guarantee that they can adapt to the fierce competition here?

We can see clearly that although teenagers' studying abroad may bring favorable results, there are still a lot to worry about. It seems necessary for young students to make a careful investigation before going abroad.

【点评】
第一段指出当前某种普遍的做法，之后分两点阐述人们支持这种做法的原因；第二段首句鲜明地指出自己反驳的意见，然后分两点来阐述理由；最后一段进行总结，并请当事人在做出决定前多加斟酌。
范文首句点题，指出青少年留学这一现象，并给出支持者的理由，即独立的生活会教会他们自信和坚持不懈，而且国外的教学水平会让学生进入更好的大学、找到更好的工作。第二段给出反对理由。首先，早期独立不一定是件好事。另外，太多的国外学校的目标是挣钱，所以它们的教学质量是令人质疑的。末段总结说青少年留学可能会带来好处，但令人担忧的问题也很多。
第一段第三句中的stand a better chance of表示“有更好的机会做某事”。第二段首句中的biased表示“偏激的，存有偏见的”；第三句中的aim at表示“目的在于”；第四句中的guarantee表示“保证”，adapt to表示“适应”，fierce表示“激烈的”，修饰competition(竞争)。

Ⅳ 英语四级作文议论文的模板或者怎么写

1． 对比观点型
Some people tend to think that ….(观点一) They point out that….（理由一）Additionally, ….（理由二） A case in point is…（举例） Therefore,….（小结）
On the contrary, other people hold the view that ….（观点二） They argue that…（理由一）What’s more,….（理由二）As an illustration,…（举例） Accordingly, …（小结）
As far as I am concerned, I think …. （我的观点）The reason is that… （理由一）And also,…. （理由二） So,….（总结自己的观点）
2． 说明利弊型
Whenever we hear people say that …（主题） we’ll instantly have the idea that it is a good/bad thing for….（某人） Indeed, …（主题）have advantages to….（某人） We can take…（举例） as an example. It will benefit…（利一）In addition…（利二）
In the meantime, we must realize those disadvantages of…（主题） First of all, …（弊一） Second, …（弊二）
To sum up the above arguments, I think a proper attitude towards…（主题） is that …（我的观点）
3． 问题解决型
Nowadays, we have to face a problem that…（问题）/ Nowadays, more and more people are concerned about the problem…（问题）/ It is important for us to…. （问题） For instance…（例一） / First,…（原因一） Moreover,（例二）/Second,…（原因二）
People have figured out many ways to solve the problem. / Confronted with…（问题）we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. Firstly,…(解决方法一) Secondly,….(解决方法二)
Personally, I believe that …(我的方法)/ To me, I am taking two ways to solve the problem of…（问题） One of them is …(我的方法) The other way is…(我的方法) By now ways have been working perfectly and efficiently…(结果)
4． 阐述主题型
A famous saying goes that …(名言或谚语) It means that…(释义)
An example of this case is…(举例，解释) Another case in point is …(例二)
I like the saying…(名言) which encourages me….(理由)

Ⅵ 求观点论述型英语四级作文范文

范文来自《2010年6月英语四级作文考前预测范文》

预测作文（一）
My View on Double BA Degree

1. 现在大学生读双学位的现象很常见
2. 我对这一现象的看法

【范文】
Recently it has become a common phenomenon for college students to have two majors at the same time. In this way, they can get double BA degrees when they graate from the university several years later.

Although it may bring unfavorable consequences, we can be sure to conclude that this practice is favorable on the whole. To begin with, most students will become more hardworking and efficient in order to finish the learning tasks satisfactorily. Moreover, with two degrees at hand after graation, they will stand a better chance in the job market full of fierce competition. In the third place, as for today's university students, tuition and fees are becoming more and more expensive. If they can make achievements in study at school and find a satisfactory job afterwards, it will not be a big problem.

Weighing the pros and cons of such a new trend, we can naturally arrive at the conclusion that it is beneficial and rewarding. This system not only compels students to work hard, but also prepares them for the coming competition.

【点评】
首段直接点题，说明现象；第二段分述三个优点，其中首句为让步状语从句，意思是“虽然可能带来负面的后果，但总体上是有益的”；第三段呼应第二段，得出结论。
范文首段提出大学生读双学位这一普遍现象；第二段分三点进行论述，其中前两点是优点，即学生会更加勤奋，并且有利于他们在激烈的求职市场中找到工作，最后一点是解释可能带来的学费问题并不严重；第三段下结论，呼应第二段。
第二段第三句中的stand a better chance(of)表示“大有希望”；第三段末句中的compel sb．to do sth．表示“迫使某人做某事”。

Ⅶ 英语四级作文万能模版

一、提纲式作文
1．对立观点式
A．有人认为X 是好事，赞成X， 为什么？
B．有人认为X 是坏事， 反对X，为什么？
C．我的看法。
Some people are in favor of the idea of doing X. They point out the fact that 支持X 的第一个原因。
They also argue that 支持X 的另一个原因。
However, other people stand on a different ground. They consider it is harmful to do X. They firmly point out that 反对X 的第一个理由。
An example can give the details of this argument: 一个例子。
They also argue that 反对X 的第二个理由。
There is some truth in both arguments.
But I think the advantages of X overweigh the disadvantages.
In addition to the above-mentioned negative effects it might bring about（引起）, X also may X 的有一个坏处。

二、 批驳观点式
A．一个错误观点。
B． 我不同意。
Many people argue that 错误观点。By saying that, they mean 对这个观点的进一步解释。An example they have presented(提出） is that 一个例子。（According to a survey performed（执行） by X on a group of Y, almost 80% of them 赞成这个错误观点或者受到这个错误观点的影响）。
There might be some element（元素、成分） of truth in these people’s belief. But if we consider it in depth, we will feel no reservation to conclude that 与错误观点相反的观点。There are a number of reasons behind my belief. (以下参照辩论文的议论文写法)。

三、社会问题（现象）式
A．一个社会问题或者现象。
B． 产生的原因
C．对社会和我们生活的影响
D． 如何杜绝。（如果是问题的话）
E． 前景的预测。
Nowadays, there exists an increasingly serious social/economic/environmental problem. (X has increasingly become a common concern of the public). According to a survey, 调查内容说明这种现象的情况。（或者是一个例子）。
There are a couple of reasons booming（兴旺） this problem/phenomenon. 下面参照辩论式议论文的写法。
X has caused substantial（大量的、实质的） impact（影响） on the society and our daily life, which has been articulated（表达） in the following aspects（方面）. 参照辩论式议论文的写法。
A dozen of measures are supposed to take to prevent X from bringing us more harm. 参照辩论式议论文的写法。
Based on the above discussions, I can easily forecast（预测） that more and more people will ……..
图表式作文
It is obvious in the graph/table that the rate/number/amount of Y has undergone (经历）dramatic（引人注目) changes. It has gone up/grown/fallen/dropped considerably （相当地）in recent years (as X varies). At the point of （接近）X1, Y reaches its peak(达到高峰） value of …(多少).
What is the reason for this change? Mainly there are … (多少) reasons behind the situation reflected in the graphic/table. First of all, …(第一个原因). More importantly, …(第二个原因). Most important of all, …(第三个原因).
From the above discussions, we have enough reason to predict what will happen in the near future. The trend described in the graph/table will continue for quite a long time (if necessary measures are not taken括号里的使用于那些不太好的变化趋势).

辩论式议论文
模版1
Some people believe (argue, recognize, think) that 观点1. But other people take an opposite side. They firmly believe that 观点2. As for me, I agree to the former/latter idea.
There are a dozen of reasons behind my belief. First of all, 论据1.
More importantly, 论据2.
Most important of all, 论据3.
In summary, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心.
或 From above, we can predict that 预测.

模版2
People hold different views about X. Some people are of the opinion that 观点1, while others point out that 观点2. As far as I am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more weight.
For one thing, 论据1.
For another, 论据2.
Last but not the least, 论据3.
To conclude, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. 或 From above, we can predict that 预测.

模版3
There is no consensus 一致of opinions among people about X（争论的焦点）。Some people are of the view that 观点1，while others take an opposite side, firmly believing that 观点2。As far as I am concerned, the former/latter notion（观念） is preferable in many senses. The reasons are obvious.
First of all, 论据1。
Furthermore, 论据2。
Among all of the supporting evidences, one is the strongest. That is, 论据3。
A natural conclusion from the above discussion is that总结观点。
As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. 或 From above, we can predict that 预测
常用句型：
1． 表示原因
1）There are three reasons for this．
2）The reasons for this are as follows．
3）The reason for this is obvious．
4）The reason for this is not far to seek．
5）The reason for this is that．．．
6）We have good reason to believe that．．．
例： There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life．Firstly，people’s living standard has been greatly improved．Secondly，most people are well paid， and they can afford what they need or like．Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life．
注：如考生写第一个句子没有把握，可将其改写成两个句子。如：Great changes have taken place in our life． There are three reasons for this．这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。

2．表示好处
1）It has the following advantages．
2）It does us a lot of good．
3）It benefits us quite a lot．
4）It is beneficial to us．
5）It is of great benefit to us．
例： Books are like friends．They can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our horizons．Therefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to us．

3．表示坏处
1）It has more disadvantages than advantages．
2）It does us much harm．
3）It is harmfulto us．
例： However，everything divides into two．Television can also be harmful to us．It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching televi- sion．
4．表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能
1）It is important（necessary，difficult，convenient， possible）for sb．to do sth．
2）We think it necessary to do sth．
3）It plays an important role in our life．
例： Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in business．Soon， computers will be found in every home，too．We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age．

5．表示措施
1）We should take some effective measures．
2）We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the difficulties．
3）We should do our utmost in doing sth．
4）We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced）with．
例： The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious．Therefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it．

6．表示变化
1）Some changes have taken place in the past five years．
2）A great change will certainly be proced in the world’s communications．
3）The computer has brought about（导致） many changes in ecation．
例： Some changes have taken place in people’s diet in the past five years．The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek．Nowadays，more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins．
7．表示事实、现状
1）We cannot ignore the fact that．．．
2）No one can deny the fact that．．．
3）There is no denying the fact that．．．
4）This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in．
5）However，that’s not the case．
例： We cannot ignore the fact that instrialization brings with it the problems of pollution．To solve these problems， we can start by ecating the public about the hazards（危害） of pollution．The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment．

8．表示比较
1）Compared with A，B．．．
2）I prefer to read rather than watch TV．
3）There is a striking contrast between them．
例： Compared with cars，bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable．Firstly，they do not consume natural resources of petrol（石油）．Secondly，they do not cause the pollution problem．Last but not least，they contribute to people’s health by giving them e physical exercise．

9．表示数量
1）It has increased（decreased）from．．．to．．．
2）The population in this city has now increased （decreased）to 800，000．
3）The output of July in this factory increased by 15％ compared with that of January．
例： With the improvement of the living standard，the proportion（比例） of people’s income spent on food has decreased while that spent on ecation has increased．