英语四级四大发明丝绸之路

㈠ 四大发明英语简介！

The Four Great Inventions 四大发明
The Compass 指南针
Diagram of a Ming dynasty mariner's compass
Main article: Compass
The earliest reference to magnetism in Chinese literature is found in a 4th century BC book called Book of the Devil Valley Master (鬼谷子): "The lodestone makes iron come or it attracts it."
The earliest reference to a magnetic device used as a "direction finder" is in a Song Dynasty book dated to AD 1040-44. Here there is a description of an iron "south-pointing fish" floating in a bowl of water, aligning itself to the south. The device is recommended as a means of orientation "in the obscurity of the night." However, the first suspended magnetic needle compass was written of by Shen Kuo in his book of AD 1088.
For most of Chinese history, the compass that remained in use was in the form of a magnetic needle floating in a bowl of water. According to Needham, the Chinese in the Song Dynasty and continuing Yuan Dynasty did make use of a dry compass, although this type never became as widely used in China as the wet compass.
The dry compass used in China was a dry suspension compass, a wooden frame crafted in the shape of a turtle hung upside down by a board, with the loadstone sealed in by wax, and if rotated, the needle at the tail would always point in the northern cardinal direction. Although the 14th century European compass-card in box frame and dry pivot needle was adopted in China after its use was taken by Japanese pirates in the 16th century (who had in turn learned of it from Europeans), the Chinese design of the suspended dry compass persisted in use well into the 18th century.
Gunpowder 火药
Handgun from the Yuan dynasty, circa 1300s.
Main article: History of gunpowder
The prevailing academic consensus is that gunpowder was discovered in the 9th century by Chinese alchemists searching for an elixir of immortality. By the time the Song Dynasty treatise, Wujing Zongyao (武经总要), was written by Zeng Gongliang and Yang Weide in AD 1044, the various Chinese formulas for gunpowder held levels of nitrate in the range of 27% to 50%. By the end of the 12th century, Chinese formulas of gunpowder had a level of nitrate capable of bursting through cast iron metal containers, in the form of the earliest hollow, gunpowder-filled grenade bombs.
In AD 1280, the bomb store of the large gunpowder arsenal at Weiyang accidentally caught fire, which proced such a massive explosion that a team of Chinese inspectors at the site a week later deced that some 100 guards had been killed instantly, with wooden beams and pillars blown sky high and landing at a distance of over 10 li (~2 mi. or ~3.2 km) away from the explosion.
By the time of Jiao Yu and his Huolongjing in the mid 14th century, the explosive potential of gunpowder was perfected, as the level of nitrate in gunpowder formulas had risen to a range of 12% to 91%, with at least 6 different formulas in use that are considered to have maximum explosive potential for gunpowder. By that time, the Chinese had discovered how to create explosive cannonballs by packing their hollow shells with this nitrate-enhanced gunpowder.
Papermaking 造纸术
Hemp wrapping paper, China, circa 100 BC
Main article: Papermaking
Further information: Science and technology of the Han Dynasty
Papermaking has traditionally been traced to China about AD 105, when Cai Lun, an official attached to the Imperial court ring the Han Dynasty (202 BC-AD 220), created a sheet of paper using mulberry and other bast fibres along with fishnets, old rags, and hemp waste. However a recent archaeological discovery has been reported from near Dunhuang of paper with writing on it dating to 8 BC.
While paper used for wrapping and padding was used in China since the 2nd century BC, paper used as a writing medium only became widespread by the 3rd century. By the 6th century in China, sheets of paper were beginning to be used for toilet paper as well. During the Tang Dynasty (AD 618–907) paper was folded and sewn into square bags to preserve the flavor of tea. The Song Dynasty (AD 960–1279) that followed was the first government to issue paper currency.
Printing 印刷术
Main article: History of typography in East Asia
The Chinese invention of Woodblock printing, at some point before the first dated book in 868 (the Diamond Sutra), proced the world's first print culture. According to A. Hyatt Mayor, curator at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, "it was the Chinese who really discovered the means of communication that was to dominate until our age." Woodblock printing was better suited to Chinese characters than movable type, which the Chinese also invented, but which did not replace woodblock printing. Western printing presses, although introced in the 16th century, were not widely used in China until the 19th century. China, along with Korea, was one of the last countries to adopt them.
The intricate frontispiece of the Diamond Sutra from Tang Dynasty China, AD 868 (British Museum)
Woodblock printing for textiles, on the other hand, preceded text printing by centuries in all cultures, and is first found in China at around 220, then Egypt in the 4th century, and reached Europe by the 14th century or before, via the Islamic world, and by around 1400 was being used on paper for old master prints and playing cards. In another analysis Hyatt Mayor states that "a little before 1400 Europeans had enough paper to begin making holy images and playing cards in woodcut. They need not have learned woodcut from the Chinese, because they had been using woodblocks for about 1,000 years to stamp designs on linen."
Printing in China was further advanced by the 11th century, as it was written by the Song Dynasty scientist and statesman Shen Kuo (1031-1095) that the common artisan Bi Sheng (990-1051) invented ceramic movable type printing.Then there were those such as Wang Zhen (fl. 1290-1333) and Hua Sui (1439-1513), the former of whom invented wooden movable type printing in China, the latter of whom invented metal movable type printing in China. Movable type printing was a tedious process if one were to assemble thousands of indivial characters for the printing of simply one or a few books, but if used for printing thousands of books, the process was efficient and rapid enough to be successful and highly employed. Indeed, there were many cities in China where movable type printing, in wooden and metal form, was adopted by the enterprises of wealthy local families or large private instries. The Qing Dynasty court sponsored enormous printing projects using woodblock movable type printing ring the 18th century. Although superseded by western printing techniques, woodblock movable type printing remains in use in isolated communities in China.

㈡ 求翻译成英语 丝绸之路(the SilkRoaD．起源于公元前1世纪，是一条具有重要历史意

Silk Road (the Silk RoaD. Originated in the 1st century BC, is an international trade route has important historical significance. Since a large proportion of silk in this line of business in 1877, the famous German geographer Ferdinand South von Richthofen (Ferdinand vonRichthofen) will be named the "Silk Road." It is not only an ancient international trade routes, is also connected to China, India, Persia (Persia, Greece and Rome in a splendid country The cultural bridge. China's four great inventions

㈢ 中国四大发明（英语）

The Four Great Inventions of ancient China are, according to Chinese tradition and the British scholar and biochemist Joseph Needham:

The Compass
Gunpowder
Papermaking
Printing
These inventions are celebrated in Chinese culture for their historical significance and as signs of ancient China's advanced science and technology. These four discoveries had an enormous impact on the development of Chinese civilization and a far-ranging global impact.

Although he may have been unaware of the origin of these inventions, in 1620 the English philosopher Francis Bacon noted their importance by writing:
好像对
Printing, gunpowder and the compass: These three have changed the whole face and state of things throughout the world; the first in literature, the second in warfare, the third in navigation; whence have followed innumerable changes, in so much that no empire, no sect, no star seems to have exerted greater power and influence in human affairs than these.

㈣ 四大发明是不是通过丝绸之路传入西方国家的

阿拉伯帝国俘虏中国造纸匠，欧洲画师偷走中国造纸术在中国古代的四大发明之中版，造纸术是最早传播到其他权国家的。公元751年，唐朝大将高仙芝率军与大食（阿拉伯帝国）将军沙利会战于中亚重镇 逻斯（今哈萨克斯坦的江布尔）。

㈤ 四大发明英语介绍

The Four Great Inventions 四大发明

The Compass 指南针

Diagram of a Ming dynasty mariner's compass
Main article: Compass
The earliest reference to magnetism in Chinese literature is found in a 4th century BC book called Book of the Devil Valley Master (鬼谷子): "The lodestone makes iron come or it attracts it."
The earliest reference to a magnetic device used as a "direction finder" is in a Song Dynasty book dated to AD 1040-44. Here there is a description of an iron "south-pointing fish" floating in a bowl of water, aligning itself to the south. The device is recommended as a means of orientation "in the obscurity of the night." However, the first suspended magnetic needle compass was written of by Shen Kuo in his book of AD 1088.
For most of Chinese history, the compass that remained in use was in the form of a magnetic needle floating in a bowl of water. According to Needham, the Chinese in the Song Dynasty and continuing Yuan Dynasty did make use of a dry compass, although this type never became as widely used in China as the wet compass.
The dry compass used in China was a dry suspension compass, a wooden frame crafted in the shape of a turtle hung upside down by a board, with the loadstone sealed in by wax, and if rotated, the needle at the tail would always point in the northern cardinal direction. Although the 14th century European compass-card in box frame and dry pivot needle was adopted in China after its use was taken by Japanese pirates in the 16th century (who had in turn learned of it from Europeans), the Chinese design of the suspended dry compass persisted in use well into the 18th century.

Gunpowder 火药

Handgun from the Yuan dynasty, circa 1300s.
Main article: History of gunpowder
The prevailing academic consensus is that gunpowder was discovered in the 9th century by Chinese alchemists searching for an elixir of immortality. By the time the Song Dynasty treatise, Wujing Zongyao (武经总要), was written by Zeng Gongliang and Yang Weide in AD 1044, the various Chinese formulas for gunpowder held levels of nitrate in the range of 27% to 50%. By the end of the 12th century, Chinese formulas of gunpowder had a level of nitrate capable of bursting through cast iron metal containers, in the form of the earliest hollow, gunpowder-filled grenade bombs.
In AD 1280, the bomb store of the large gunpowder arsenal at Weiyang accidentally caught fire, which proced such a massive explosion that a team of Chinese inspectors at the site a week later deced that some 100 guards had been killed instantly, with wooden beams and pillars blown sky high and landing at a distance of over 10 li (~2 mi. or ~3.2 km) away from the explosion.
By the time of Jiao Yu and his Huolongjing in the mid 14th century, the explosive potential of gunpowder was perfected, as the level of nitrate in gunpowder formulas had risen to a range of 12% to 91%, with at least 6 different formulas in use that are considered to have maximum explosive potential for gunpowder. By that time, the Chinese had discovered how to create explosive cannonballs by packing their hollow shells with this nitrate-enhanced gunpowder.

Papermaking 造纸术

Hemp wrapping paper, China, circa 100 BC
Main article: Papermaking
Further information: Science and technology of the Han Dynasty
Papermaking has traditionally been traced to China about AD 105, when Cai Lun, an official attached to the Imperial court ring the Han Dynasty (202 BC-AD 220), created a sheet of paper using mulberry and other bast fibres along with fishnets, old rags, and hemp waste. However a recent archaeological discovery has been reported from near Dunhuang of paper with writing on it dating to 8 BC.
While paper used for wrapping and padding was used in China since the 2nd century BC, paper used as a writing medium only became widespread by the 3rd century. By the 6th century in China, sheets of paper were beginning to be used for toilet paper as well. During the Tang Dynasty (AD 618–907) paper was folded and sewn into square bags to preserve the flavor of tea. The Song Dynasty (AD 960–1279) that followed was the first government to issue paper currency.

Printing 印刷术

Main article: History of typography in East Asia
The Chinese invention of Woodblock printing, at some point before the first dated book in 868 (the Diamond Sutra), proced the world's first print culture. According to A. Hyatt Mayor, curator at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, "it was the Chinese who really discovered the means of communication that was to dominate until our age." Woodblock printing was better suited to Chinese characters than movable type, which the Chinese also invented, but which did not replace woodblock printing. Western printing presses, although introced in the 16th century, were not widely used in China until the 19th century. China, along with Korea, was one of the last countries to adopt them.

The intricate frontispiece of the Diamond Sutra from Tang Dynasty China, AD 868 (British Museum)
Woodblock printing for textiles, on the other hand, preceded text printing by centuries in all cultures, and is first found in China at around 220, then Egypt in the 4th century, and reached Europe by the 14th century or before, via the Islamic world, and by around 1400 was being used on paper for old master prints and playing cards. In another analysis Hyatt Mayor states that "a little before 1400 Europeans had enough paper to begin making holy images and playing cards in woodcut. They need not have learned woodcut from the Chinese, because they had been using woodblocks for about 1,000 years to stamp designs on linen."
Printing in China was further advanced by the 11th century, as it was written by the Song Dynasty scientist and statesman Shen Kuo (1031-1095) that the common artisan Bi Sheng (990-1051) invented ceramic movable type printing.Then there were those such as Wang Zhen (fl. 1290-1333) and Hua Sui (1439-1513), the former of whom invented wooden movable type printing in China, the latter of whom invented metal movable type printing in China. Movable type printing was a tedious process if one were to assemble thousands of indivial characters for the printing of simply one or a few books, but if used for printing thousands of books, the process was efficient and rapid enough to be successful and highly employed. Indeed, there were many cities in China where movable type printing, in wooden and metal form, was adopted by the enterprises of wealthy local families or large private instries. The Qing Dynasty court sponsored enormous printing projects using woodblock movable type printing ring the 18th century. Although superseded by western printing techniques, woodblock movable type printing remains in use in isolated communities in China.别要我逐句翻译，我办不了

㈥ 四大发明是通过丝绸之路传入西方国家的吗

阿拉伯帝国俘虏中国造纸匠，欧洲画师偷走中国造纸术在中国古代的四大发明之中，造纸术是最早传播到其他国家的。公元751年，唐朝大将高仙芝率军与大食（阿拉伯帝国）将军沙利会战于中亚重镇 逻斯（今哈萨克斯坦的江布尔）。激战中，由于唐军中的西域军队发生叛乱，唐军战败。 逻斯之战后，唐军中的部分造纸工匠 被阿拉伯军队俘虏。沙利将这些工匠带到中亚重镇撒马尔罕，让他们传授造纸技术，并建立了阿拉伯帝国第一个生产麻纸的造纸场。从此，撒马尔罕成为阿拉伯人的造纸中心。随后，源自中国的造纸术随着阿拉伯大军迅速传到叙利亚、埃及、摩洛哥、西班牙和意大利等地。为了解决欧洲纸张质量低劣的问题，法国财政大臣杜尔阁曾希望利用驻北京的耶稣会教士刺探中国的造纸技术。乾隆年间，供职于清廷的法国画师、耶稣会教士蒋友仁将中国的造纸术画成图寄回了巴黎，中国先进的造纸术才在欧洲广泛传播开来。1797年，法国人尼可拉斯 路易斯 罗伯特成功地发明了用机器造纸的方法，从蔡伦时代起中国人持续领先近2000年的造纸术终于被欧洲人超越。蒙古纸钞、欧洲纸牌成印刷术传播的重要工具由于蒙古人在其征服地区广泛使用纸钞，因而，作为纸钞的印刷方法，活字印刷术也顺着丝绸之路西传至西亚、北非一带，随后又进入了欧洲。除纸钞之外，宗教画和纸牌也促成了欧洲人接受印刷技术。纸牌虽小，却综合了手绘、木板印刷等各种方法，成了欧洲人学习、掌握雕版印刷术最直接的途径。元代，欧洲人沿丝绸之路来到中国，学会了使用木活字。由于欧洲人使用的拉丁字母结构简单，且只有26个字母，比汉字更适合活字印刷。1450年，德意志人古腾堡在美因茨城的工厂中发明了哥特体拉丁文金属活字印刷术，解决了长期困扰欧洲人的字形问题。波兰学者冒死偷画火器中国古代在战争中使用火器的最早记载，出现在唐朝末年。南宋初年军事学家陈规发明了一种管型火器——火枪。这在人类使用火药的历史上，是一个巨大的飞跃。公元1234年蒙古灭金之后，将在开封等地俘虏的工匠和火器全部掠走，还把金军中的火药工匠和火器手编入了蒙古军队。次年，蒙古大军发动了第二次西征，新编入蒙军的火器部队也随军远征。在随后的几年中，装备火器的蒙古大军横扫东欧平原。1241年4月9日，蒙古大军与3万波兰人和日耳曼人的联军在东欧华尔斯塔德大平原会战中使用了威力强大的火器。波兰火药史学家盖斯·勒躲在战场附近的一座修道院内，偷偷描绘了蒙古士兵使用的火箭样式。根据盖斯勒的描绘，蒙古人从一种木筒中成束的发射火箭，因此被波兰人称作“中国喷火龙”蒙古人灭亡阿拉伯帝国后，建立起了伊利汗国。这里迅速成为火药等中国科学知识向西方传播的重要枢纽。而配备火药武器的蒙古军队在欧洲的长期驻扎，给欧洲人偷窥火药技术提供了机会。阿拉伯商人频繁搭乘中国商船学会使用指南针大约在公元3世纪前后，中国人发现了磁石能够吸铁的特性，同时还发现了磁石的指向性，并依此特性制造了“司南”。大约在10世纪的北宋时期，中国人已经将指南针用于海上导航。在北宋人朱彧1119年成书的《萍洲可谈》中，有这样一段文字：“甲令海舶，大者数百人，小者百余人-------舟师识地理，夜则观星，昼则观日，阴晦观指南针。”一些外国学者在翻译这段文字时，误将其中的“甲令“（南宋政府的命令）一词翻译成了往来海上的阿拉伯船长的名字，因此就一错再错，得出了最早装备指南针的不是中国海船，而是阿拉伯海船的错误结论。实际上，中世纪时阿拉伯人海船船体狭小，根本无法容纳百余人。当时往来南中国海、印度洋和波斯湾之间的商船，能够容纳上百人的只有中国海船，连阿拉伯商人也经常搭乘中国还船。宋代与阿拉伯的海上贸易十分频繁，中国开往阿拉伯的大型传递有指南针导航，阿拉伯人是很容易从中国船上学到指南针的用法的。

㈦ 丝绸之路这篇短文当中出现的四大发明有什么

（1）儒家学派 核心思抄想是“仁”

（2）长安 张骞通西域

（3）火药 造纸术和印刷术

（4）学生答题可以从总体上概括上述学说和成就对世界文明产生了积极影响；也可以分别从上述三方面的某一个成就来说明产生的积极影响，言之有理即可酌情给分

㈧ 求一篇关于四大发明的英语作文！（四个都要写，初三水平）

teacher,you can speak Chinese？ sure！！！ 老师，四大发明是中国人发明的吗？ 当然。 谢谢老师，再见。 886。

㈨ 古代中国在丝绸之路传输哪些物品

中国主要运出丝绸、瓷器、铁器、金器、银器、镜子和其它豪华制品。运往中国的是稀有动物和鸟类、植物、皮货、药材、香料、珠宝首饰。

输入：
葡萄、核桃、胡萝卜、胡椒、胡豆、波菜（又称为波斯菜）、黄瓜（汉时称胡瓜）、石榴

http://..com/question/38670681.html?si=1

正如“丝绸之路”的名称，在这条逾7000公里的长路上，丝绸与同样原产中国的瓷器一样，成为当时一个东亚强盛文明象征。丝绸不仅是丝路上重要的奢侈消费品，也是中国历朝政府的一种有效的政治工具：中国的友好使节出使西域乃至更远的国家时，往往将丝绸作为表示两国友好的有效手段。并且丝绸的西传也少许改变了西方各国对中国的印象，由于西传至君士坦丁堡的丝绸和瓷器价格奇高，令相当多的人认为中国乃至东亚是一个物产丰盈的富裕地区。各国元首及贵族曾一度以穿着用腓尼基红染过的中国丝绸，家中使用瓷器为富有荣耀的象征。此外，阿富汗的青金石也随着商队的行进不断流入欧亚各地。这种远早于丝绸的贸易品在欧亚大陆的广泛传播为带动欧亚贸易交流做出了贡献。这种珍贵的商品曾是两河流域各国财富的象征。当青金石流传到印度后，被那里的佛教徒供奉为佛教七宝之一，令青金石增添了悠远的宗教色彩。而葡萄、核桃、胡萝卜、胡椒、胡豆、波菜（又称为波斯菜）、黄瓜（汉时称胡瓜）、石榴等的传播为东亚人的日常饮食增添了更多的选择。西域特产的葡萄酒经过历史的发展融入到中国的传统酒文化当中。商队从中国主要运出铁器、金器、银器、镜子和其他豪华制品。运往中国的是稀有动物和鸟类、植物、皮货、药材、香料、珠宝首饰。

http://..com/question/80642346.html?si=2