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也谈英语阅读和写作技巧

发布时间: 2021-02-11 05:38:38

❶ 英语阅读理解技巧

英语阅读理解技巧:

  1. 抓住文章的首段与末段及段落的首句和末句

    文章的首段与末段、段落的首句和末句,一般表达文章的主题和段落中心思想,其它段落及句子只起补充、说明、解释或引申的作用。因此,首先要搜索目标,找出文章及段落中的主题句。了解了它们的含义,就可以顺着提供的主要线索去捕捉文章的相关信息,从而获得解决问题的答案。

  2. 进行合理推断
    对文章有了详细而全面的理解之后,就要按照文章内容、上下文的逻辑关系,作出推理判断。阅读理解涉及词汇、语法、句型、段落结构、文化背景等各方面知识。答题时,领会句子之间的逻辑关系,特别是相邻句子之间的关系,这样有利于理解全文。表示逻辑关系的标志词是连接词、副词、代词、介词短语、关系词、插入语等,通读时应特别注意。

  3. 猜测推敲生词

    阅读短文时,常常会遇到一些生词。这时,考生要沉着,冷静,细心思考。首先要把整段、整篇文章看完。通过对全篇短文的理解,就很有可能猜测出生词的大意。另外,还可以从含有生词句子的上下文,以及句子和段落之间的关系来判断、理解生词以求获得其真正含义。猜测生词的另一种方法是,根据构词法推测。

  4. 利用常识解题

    多了解一些常识性知识有利于阅读理解。如果对文章的相关背景有所了解,读起文章一定既省时又省力。

  5. 正确理解题纲

    纵观历年高考试题,阅读理解试题一般有以下几种题型:一是直接回答who, whom, which, what, where, when, why, how等疑问词引起的细节问题;二是猜测词义题;三是推理判断题;四是综合概括题。

❷ 英语写作和阅读有何技巧

关于英语阅读的技巧,如果你出现了对选项感觉模棱两可的情况,那一定是因为你是根据自己印象中的信息进行选项的筛选,但不要这样,要回原文中去找。因为选项一定是原文的原意复现,所以绝对不会有两个想似选项,有的话就代回原文去找。

关于写作技巧,如下:
1.用较高级词汇替换第一反应词:
在写作的过程中,很多考生习惯第一反应想到哪个单词就使用哪个单词,比如谈到“好”就是good,而第一反应词往往是比较简单的,甚至不适合书面语言,所以千万别一想到某个简单而顺手的词就立刻下笔,而是思考它的同义词。思考后考生会得到4到5个同义词,这里的任意一个词都可能会比你想的第一个词复杂些。通常考生想到的第一个词是平时使用较多的词,也是比较简单表意比较笼统的词,所以放在口语中使用更加适合,而写作用词最好用书面词汇,并且书面词汇会比起第一反应词的笼统,表意更加具有指向性,进而可以使文章语言更具生动和真实性。

2.学会用多个同义英语词汇表达一个中文意思
在中文中习惯“求同不求异”,所以我们习惯用同一个词来强调某一个概念,而在英文中正相反----“求异不求同”,所以就要学会用不同的词来表示同一个概念。比如:好的:就可以用positive, favorable, rosy (美好的),promising (有希望的),perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstanding, superior替换good。

3.句型要尽可能多样化
高考英语写作其实就是一个“SHOW",你要在短短几十分钟内秀出你学了十几年的英语就要学会尽可能地多使用自己会的句型和语法知识。尤其是在作文中非常好用的“非限定性定语从句”“时间状语从句”等等。

4.连接词要常用
要想让自己的文章行文顺畅,逻辑合理,就要学会使用起到各种作用的连接词。以下是高考英语常用连接词总结:

表层次:first , second , third ; firstly , secondly , thirdly ;to begin with , further,
in the first place , to start with , still , furthermore ; what’s more , last , but , not the least , also , and then , next , besides , and equally important too,moreover , besides , in addition , finally
表转折:by contrast;although ; though ; yet ; at the same time ; but ; despite the fact that;even so ; in contrast ; nevertheless ; even though ; for all that ; notwithstanding ; on the other hand ; otherwise ; instead ; still;regardless
表因果:therefore ; consequently ; because of ; for this reason ; thus ; hence ; e to ; owing to ; so ; accordingly ; thanks to ; on this account ; since ; as ; on that account; in this way ; for ; as a result ; as a consequence
表让步:still ; nevertheless ; granted ; naturally; in spite of ; all the same ;
of course ; despite ; even so ; after all
表递进:furthermore ; moreover ; likewise;what is more ; besides ; also ; In addition
表举例:for example ; for instance ; for one thing ; that is to illustrate
表解释:As a matter of fact ; Frankly speaking ; In this case ; namely ; In other words
表总结:In summary ; in a word ; thus ; in brief ; In conclusion ; all together ; to conclude ; In fact ; finally ; in simpler terms ; indeed ; In short ; in particular ; on the whole ; Namely ; in all ; therefore ; to summarize
表比较:in comparison;likewise ; however ; like ; similarly ; equally ; in the same way
表时间:After a while ; afterward ; next ; now ; Again and then ; presently ; as long as ;Shortly ; simultaneously ; at length ; At that time ; since ; so far ; before ; earlier ; soon ; still ; eventually ; subsequently ; then ; formerly ; thereafter ; In the past ; until now ; meanwhile ; lately
表强调:Of course ; indeed ; surely ; As a matter of fact ; above all ; Most important ; in particular ; That is to say ; certainly ; in fact ; Anyway ; in this case ; naturally ; Obviously ; no doubt ; actually ; clearly

5.字要尽可能公整
毕竟这是应试作文,判卷时间是很有限的,所以在很大程度上,文章的“外在形象”非常重要,因为我们留给阅卷老师的“印象”极为重要,所以就要让你的字尽可能工整~

❸ 求英语阅读技巧

1.不要选太难的读物来.一篇文章,一看源上去都是生字,建议你换一篇,程度适中的.
2.遇到不懂的单词,先别急着查字典,跳过去,看完那句话或是那段话,再回过头来,根据上下文来猜一下它的意思(find clues).同样的单词,跟不同的词组搭配,就有不同的意思.建议你还是不要孤立记单词.记词组如:look at, look after, look into, look forward, look out...
4..如果是考试时填选择题,不知该选哪一个,就用淘汰法.先看哪个最不象,逐个淘汰.
5.问答题,看完后不明白,不要浪费时间,先去看提问,有目的的寻找答案.
6.相信自己的灵感,往往第一个是最好的.
7.实在不懂就要猜,碰运气了,千万不要空题.

❹ 如何作英语阅读以及作阅读的技巧

英语阅读理解能力其实就是真正读懂英文的能力,其中包括利用阅读技能读懂文章的能力,并不是运用某些所谓技巧应试的能力。如果只关注所谓的应试技巧,应试能力可能会有提高,但是,阅读理解能力并不见得有质的提高。而如果具备了较高的、真正的阅读理解能力,能够真正读懂文章,同时能够运用某些应试技巧,则肯定可以考出好成绩。英文阅读理解涉及到语篇、段落、句子、词汇四个 层次的理解问题,而其中最根本的是对词汇的理解。词汇是构成语言的基本元素。如果掌握的词汇量太小,读一篇文章,处处是生词,则会处处碰壁,文章不可能顺利读懂。英语阅读理解的关键则在于真正读懂文章。词汇是构成语言的基本元素,而句子则是表达意思的基本结构。读懂每一句话表达的意思是真正读懂一段话、一篇文章的基础。要快速、准确地理解一句话的含义,至少涉及到三个层次的问题。一是理解句中每个词汇的意思和相关的词法;二是理解句法结构;三是理解句子和上下文的关系。其中,理解词法和句法结构则是句子水平阅读理解的关键。词汇是构成语言的基本元素,而语法则是词汇构成语言的规则。掌握英语语法,并能把自己的英语语法知识熟练地应用到英语阅读实践中去,这是提高阅读理解能力必须具备的基本功。

要真正快速地提高英语阅读理解能力,关键还在于多读,尤其是多读一些难度较大的文章。利用语法知识解决阅读中的困难,通过阅读加深对语法知识的理解。只有在阅读实践中,有意识地学习、积累,应用阅读过程中所需要的英文词汇、语法知识,才能奠定提高英文阅读理解能力的基础。阅读理解能力不是一朝一夕就可以提高的,关键在于坚持。英文有一句话说得好:“One cannot succeed without perseverance.”。只要目标明确,坚持不懈,并运用成功的阅读策略,英文阅读理解能力就会不断提高。而具备了真实的阅读理解能力,再掌握一些实用的应试技巧,任何考试中的阅读理解题目又怎么能不得高分呢

❺ 做英语阅读理解的技巧

阅读是主动地、积极地获取信息的创造行为,是培养学生通过视觉感知书面文字符号并获取信息能力的途径,更是提高听、说、写能力的有力杠杆,它在英语学习中起着至关重要的作用。在近几年的高考英语试卷中,阅读的分值(阅读理解,完形填空,改错)占了整个试卷分值的一半以上。99年高考英语试卷阅读理解的篇幅在增长,难度也有所加大。笔者认为要提高英语阅读水平,学生需做到以下几点: 一、多采用Top-down阅读法 自上而下(Top-down)阅读是从语篇整体出发,把注意力集中在通过文字符号获取信息上,即按文章所给的标题先对文章的内容与含义作出推断,理解作者所要表达的意思。 运用自上而下的阅读法的关键是培养学生预测、推断文章内容和含义的能力,从而提高阅读理解能力。 通过略看文章的总体结构安排或文章的标题来预测文章的内容及深层含义,可从下列几方面去推测: 1.文章写了哪几方面的内容? 2.作者将从哪几方面来阐述? 3.内容将如何发展下去? 在阅读时要注意不同的英文文体,因为文体对信息的组织和布局模式有着重大影响。训练掌握各种英语文体的结构特征,有利于归纳文章和进行逻辑推理。例如:记叙文以叙事为主必定有三个要素:情节、人物和背景。情节的发展多以时间、地点的转移为线索。因此,阅读记叙文时,必须抓住时间这条线索,以人物为中心,弄清故事的发生、发展、结局。再如议论文和说明文有一个共同点,就是段落大多有主题句(较多地出现在段首或段末),要抓住主题句,发掘每一个主旨,弄清文章的中心论点,以便更加详细地预测文章的内容,吃透整篇文章的表层及深层含义。 二、正确处理好精读与泛读间的关系。 精读和泛读是阅读时两种主要方法,两者相辅相存,不可偏废也无法代替。 1.注重阅读材料的选择。 选择合适的精泛阅读材料是提高英语阅读的重要手段。选择字数为200左右,后面配有习题的阅读材料为宜。阅读材料体裁要多样化——叙事类、科普类、议论或说明类、广告类等。要注重文章的实用性。所选材料的难易程度以理解正确率达60%~70%,生词量不超过4%为恰当。 2.精读泛读相辅相存。 比起泛读,精读是点。对一些有一定难度写得较好的文章要进行剖析,要归纳、总结作者的写作意图、思路及中心论点,最后达到获取详细信息和深层次内容的目的。如果说精读是点,泛读即是面。只有通过大量阅读,才能积累大量词汇、结构和句型,才能积累大量词汇、结构和句型,才能扩大知识面,培养语感,提高对文字的反应能力。在泛读时,要根据上下文提高自己猜测生词的能力,不要一看到生词就查词典,要弄清文中批示代词和人称代词所指代的对象。要对自己进行限时阅读。一篇200字左右难度适中的阅读文章,争取6分钟之内做完其阅读理解题。在阅读时,要多积累英、美等国家的社会、历史、地理、文化及风俗方面的知识,这有利于提高阅读水平。要培养良好的阅读习惯。阅读时,要从意群上去看,不要逐字读,更不要用笔或手指边指边出声读,这样有碍理解文章的意思,而且影响阅读速度。 阅读是一个综合过程,阅读能力的提高更是一个循序渐进的过程。学生只有坚持不懈,锲而不舍地改进阅读方法,培养阅读兴趣,才能达到事半功倍的效果。 影响阅读理解的因素可分为知识性障碍和非知识性障碍。知识性障碍包括:1.词汇障碍2..语法障碍 3.背景知识障碍 。非知识性障碍包括:1. 心理障碍 2.阅读习惯. 3..阅读速度4.阅读技巧 (一)重视英语词汇和习惯用法的积累 美国语言学家Driller (1978)根据词汇统计特征指出:如果我们认得25个最常见的英文单词,平均每页纸上的词我们会认得33%;如果认得135个常用词,则为50%;如果认得2500个,则为78%;如果认得5 000个,则为80%;一旦记得10 000个,可达92%。可见,阅读能力的高低和词汇量的大小是分不开的,目前大部分学生的词汇量偏少, 这是影响阅读能力提高的主要因素。那么怎样才能提高学生的词汇量呢? 1. 构词记忆法 据估计,英语词汇有100万到120万,但大部分单词是由构词法构成的。构词法包括派生、合成和转化。在教学中,让学生掌握常用的前缀(un/dis/im/il /super.)、后缀( ly/ less/ ful/ ment…)的含义及用法,就可以根据已知词猜出它的派生词,从而达到扩大词汇的目的。如:前缀super 有超过,超越的含义,就可以猜出supermarket (超级市场)supernatural (超自然的)、 superman (超人)、superstar (超级明星)等词的含义。。 2. 联想记忆法 由一个词联想到和它有关或无关的词,如看到live vi 生活,联想到其他词性及用法,如,直播的、活的等词义。 3. 广泛阅读记忆法 “To read well, you need a strong vocabulary.. To build a strong vocabulary, you need to read well.” 这句名言道出了阅读和词汇量的关系。要有流利的阅读,就必须有丰富的词汇。大量的阅读可以丰富你的词汇。 (二) 牢固掌握语法知识 近年来的NMET阅读理解短文的句式结构趋向复杂,语法知识在阅读中的作用已经突显出来。如在阅读中遇到另人费解的长句、难句,就可以借助语法,对句子进行适当的分析,搞清各部分的关系,从而准确理解整句的意思。以Decision-thinking is not unlike poker-it often matters not only what you think, but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think.(NMET 2000) 为例。该句的29个词中包含了主语从句,宾语从句、并列句和破折号连接的附加说明等多种关系。其中并列句中又有复合句,复合句中又有并列句。只有把句子的成分一一理清,才能掌握其意思。 (三)、积累一定的文化背景知识和生活知识 英语阅读能力的提高不仅需要一定的语言知识,还要有一定的文化背景知识和生活知识。例如在NMET2003的阅读理解A篇,该篇选材涉及地理,介绍了两座farthest/ most distant inhabited islands,一个为Guinness Book of Records 所认定的Tristan da Cunha;另一为复活岛(Easter Island)文章中出现了较多的专有名词,对于阅读经验不足的同学会形成干扰,而对于那些对Easter Day 等背景知识了解的同学,相对就会好些。另外在C篇中,出现了书刊号,如果熟悉这些,就会减少好多阅读困难。 (四)培养良好的阅读习惯,掌握有效的阅读技巧 要养成良好的阅读习惯,就要求平时多朗读,背诵精彩段落和文章,以培养语感。另外,有的同学在阅读时出声读、点读或回读,这些不良习惯都会影响阅读速度和对文章的理解。所以要克服这些不良习惯,作到不回读,不声读,不点读等。只有这样,阅读速度才能加快,理解的准确率才能提高。 除了良好的阅读习惯外,也要掌握正确的阅读技巧。教师要指导学生形成正确的思维方法。一般阅读时应注意以下几点: 1、略读(Skimming)即迅速浏览全文,抓住文章大意和主题句,明确作者的态度和意图。 2、跳读(Skipping) 即快速查找某一相关信息,读时要一目十行,对不相关的内容一带而过。 3、猜测生词(Guessing the new words) 在阅读过程中,不可避免的会遇到生词。如果一遇到生词就去查字典,或跳过去不看,都会影响对文章的理解。这样就要猜测生词的意思。不同的语境,单词的意思也就不一样。所以要根据上下文线索和构词法等知识去猜测。 “冰冻三尺,非一日之寒” 提高阅读能力,不是一朝一夕就能做到的。只要坚持正确的阅读方法,培养兴趣,广泛阅读,积累词汇,并且养成良好的阅读习惯,阅读理解能力一定会逐步提高。 英语阅读理解技巧 新的高中英语教学大纲明确规定:"侧重提高阅读能力"。纵观近几年的高考英语试题,我们不难看出,阅读理解能力是高考考查的重点,自始至终占着主导地位,并且有逐年增加的趋势。可以毫不夸张地说,做好阅读理解题,是获得高考英语高分的关键! 阅读理解能力测试的主要要求是: 1. 读材料的主旨和大意,以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节。 2. 既理解具体的事实,也理解抽象的概念。 3. 既理解字面的意思,也理解深层的含义,包括作者的态度,意图等。 4. 既理解某句,某段的含义,也理解全篇的逻辑关系,并据此进行推理和判断。 5. 既能根据所提供的信息去理解,也能结合中学生应有的常识去理解。根据这五项要求,我们可将阅读理解多项选择题归纳为以下几种题型:细节理解题,词句理解题,主题、主旨题,猜测词义题,推理判断题。下面作者结合平时教学中的经验体会,谈一谈做英语阅读理解题的技巧与策略。 一、 先看题干,带着问题读文章。 即先看试题,再读文章。阅读题干,首先要掌握问题的类型,分清是客观信息题还是主观判断题。客观信息题可以从文章中直接找到答案;而主观判断题考查的是对文章的感情基调,作者未加陈述的观点以及贯穿全文的中心主旨的理解等,这类题必须经过对作者的态度、意图以及对整篇文章进行深一层的推理等。其次,了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息,然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读,对有关信息进行快速定位,再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比,有根有据地排除干扰项,选出正确答案。此法加强了阅读的针对性,提高了做题的准确率,节省了宝贵的时间。特别适用于对图形表格类题材的理解。 二、 速读全文,了解大意知主题。 阅读的目的是获取信息。一个人的阅读能力的高低决定了他能否快速高效吸收有用信息。阅读能力一般指阅读速度和理解能力两个方面。阅读速度是阅读最基本的能力。没有一定的阅读速度就不能顺利地输入信息,更谈不上运用英语。近几年的高考阅读速度大约是每分钟40个词左右。考生必须在十分有限的时间内运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读,搜寻关键词、主题句,捕捉时空、顺序、情节、人物、观点,并且理清文章脉络,把握语篇实质。 抓主题句这是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。主题句一般出现在文章的开头和结尾。用归纳法撰写的文章,都是表述细节的句子在前,概述性的句子居后。此时主题句就是文章的最后一句。通常用演绎法撰写的文章,大都遵循从一般到个别的写作程序,即从概述开始,随之辅以细说。这时,主题句就是文章的第一句。当然也有些文章没有主题句,需要读者自己去归纳。主题句往往对全文起提示、启迪、概括、归纳之作用,主旨大意题,归纳概括题,中心思想题往往直接可从主题句中找到答案。 试试看,你能找出下面一段文章的主题句吗? The panda is a popular animal. Stories about the panda in the Washington Zoo are always front page news and important features on television newscasts. Stuffed pandas are among the most popular toys for children, and panda postcards are always in demand in zoo gift shops. 不难看出,文章的第一句是主题句,后面的句子都围绕这个句子展开。 三、 详读细节,理顺思路与文章脉络。 文章绝不是互不相干的句子杂乱无章的堆砌。作者为文,有脉可循。如记叙文多以人物为中心,以时间或空间为线索,按事件的发生、发展、结局展开故事;论述体则包含论点、论据、结论三大要素,通过解释、举例来阐述观点。你可根据文章的特点,详读细节,以动词、时间、地点、事件、因果等为线索,找出关键词语,运用"画图列表法",勾画出一幅完整清晰的文章主题和细节的认知图。 四、 逻辑推理,做好深层理解题。 在实际阅读中,有时作者并未把意图说出来,阅读者要根据字面意思,通过语篇逻辑关系,研究细节的暗示,推敲作者的态度,理解文章的寓义。这就是通常所说的深层理解。深层理解主要包括归纳概括题(中心思想,加标题等)和推理判断题,是阅读理解中的难点。深层理解是一种创造性的思维活动。它必须忠实于原文;要以文章提供的事实和线索为依据,立足已知推断未知,不能凭空想象,随意揣测;它要求读者对文字的表面信息进行分析、挖掘和逻辑推理,不能就事论事,以偏概全。只有吃透文章的字面意思,推理才有前提和基础。 推理题在提问中常用的词有:infer, imply, suggest, indicate等。 例如高考题: Annealing Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly. If metal is heated and then cooled very quickly, for example by dipping (浸) it in water, it will be very hard but also very brittle-that is, it will break easily. Metal that has been annealed is soft but does not break as easily. It is possible to make metal as hard or as soft as it is wished, by annealing it. The metal is heated, and allowed to cool slowly for a certain length of time. The longer the heated metal takes to cool slowly, the softer it becomes. Annealing can also be used on other material, such as glass. 1. Why do people put hot metal in water? A. To make it hard. B. To make it soft. C. To make it cool. D. To make it brittle. 2. In annealing, the required hardness of metal depends on __. A. the quantity of water used B. the temperature of the metal C. the softness of the metal D. the timing of the operation 3. As suggested by the text, how can glass be made less brittle? A. It can be heated and then cooled quickly. B. It can be cooled and then heated slowly. C. It can be heated and then cooled slowly. D. It can be cooled and then heated quickly. 1、 答案为A,此题属推断归纳题。文中第二句说如果把金属加热,然后迅速放到水里冷却,也就会变得非常硬,但也变得脆。hard 是工艺的主观目的。brittle是伴随的客观结果,故选A而不选D。B项明显错误;C项是手段不是目的,因此,都可排除。 2、 答案为D,此题属概括归纳题。timing 是时间的选择。本答案的依据是5和6两句,"The metal is heated,…length of time.","The longer…the softer it becomes."cool 的时间是可以控制的,时间越长越 soft,即硬度就越低。由此我们可得出结论:在退火过程中,金属的硬度是受到冷却的时间长短影响的。 3、 答案为C此题属推理判断题。文中提到"metal"。最后一句说退火工艺同样可用于象玻璃一类的其他材料。文中我们已知"annealing"就是先"heat"后"cool slowly"。由此推断C是正确的。 五、 猜词悟义,扫除阅读拦路虎。 猜词是应用英语的重要能力,也是高考中常用的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文,而且要有较大的泛读量,掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会"顺藤摸瓜",通过构词,语法,定义,同位,对比,因果,常识,上下文等线索确定词义。 a. 定义法 如:Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly. 句子给予annealing 以明确的定义,即"退火"。 It will be very hard but also very brittle------that is , it will break easily. 从后面的解释中我们可以了解到brittle 是"脆"的意思。 The herdsman , who looks after sheep,earns about 650yuan a year. 定语从句中 looks after sheep 就表明了 herdsman 的词义为"牧人"。 b 同位法 如: They traveled a long way , at last got to a castle, a large building in old times. 同位语部分a large building in old times 给出了 castle 的确切词义,即"城堡"。 We are on the night shift----from midnight to 8 a.m.---this week. 两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift 是"夜班"的意思。 c. 对比法 She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class. but 一词表转折,因此but 前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是她今天"第一节上了一半才来",因此反向推理,可得出她平时一向"准时"的结论。 d. 构词法(前缀、后缀、复合、派生等) Perhaps, we can see some possibilities for next fifty years. But the next hundred? possibility 是 possible 的同根名词, 据此可以判断定 possibility 意思是"可能性"。 e. 因果法 The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken。Sometimes the weakness was permanent。So the player could never play the sport again. 从后面的结果"永远不能再运动"中,可以推测 permanent做英语阅读理解的技巧

❻ 高难度英语阅读作文技巧

1、统一性
一个段落内的各个句子必须从属于一个中心,任何游离于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。请看下例:
Joe and I decided to take the long trip we'd always wanted across the country. We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life. Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie. We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country. We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park. Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner. To our surprise, we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much, and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico.
本段的主题句是段首句,controlling idea(中心思想)是take the long trip across the country。文中出现两个irrelevant sentences,一个是Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie,这一段是讲的是Joe and I ,中间出现一个Bella是不合适的。还有,Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner这一句更是与主题句不相关。再看一个例子:
My name is Roseanna, and I like to keep physically fit. I used to weigh two hundred pounds, but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program. In one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again. I bought two new suitcases last week. Everyday I practice jogging three miles, swimming fifteen laps, lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. My mother was a premature baby.
本段的controlling idea 是like to deep physically fit,但段中有两个irrelevant sentences,一个是I bought two new suitcases last week,另一个是My mother was a premature baby。
从上面两个例子可以看出,native speakers同样会造出来irrelevant sentences。卷面上如果这种句子多了,造成偏题或离题,那问题就更严重了。
2、完整性
正象我们前面说得那样,一个段落的主题思想靠推展句来实现,如果只有主题句而没有推展句来进一步交待和充实,就不能构成一个完整的段落。同样,虽然有推展句,但主题思想没有得到相对圆满的交待,给读者一种意犹未尽的感觉。这样的段落也不能完成其交际功能。例如:
Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil. Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task. Besides, it is more useful to work —— you proce something rather than more anxiety or depression.
本段的主题句是段首句。本段的两个推展句均不能回答主题句中提出的问题。什么是“a mind in turmoil”(心境不平静)Physical work又如何能改变这种情况?为什么它能起therapy的作用?读者得不到明确的答案。因此,要达到完整就必须尽可能地简明。例如:
It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words. Often writing is much clearer than a picture. It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means, but a careful writer can almost always explain it.
段首句所表达的主题思想是一种看法,必须有具体事例加以验证。上述两个推展句只是在文字上对主题作些解释,整个段落内容空洞,简而不明。如果用一两个具体的例子的话,就可以把主题解释清楚了。比如下段:
It is not always true that a picture is worth a thousand words. Sometimes, pictures are pretty useless things. If you can't swim and fall in the river and start gulping water, will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning, or start screaming "Help"?
3、连贯性(coherence)
连贯性包括意连和形连两个方面,前者指的是内在的逻辑性,后者指的是使用转换词语。当然这两者常常是不可分割的。只有形连而没有意连,句子之间就没有内在的有机的联系;反之,只有意连而没有形连,有时行文就不够流畅。
1)、意连
段落中句子的排列应遵循一定的次序,不能想到什么就写什么。如果在下笔之前没有构思,边写边想,写写停停,那就写不出一气呵成的好文章来。下面介绍几种常见的排列方式。
A.按时间先后排列(chronological arrangement)
We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose, it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast; we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine o'clock. Then, when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours —— it must have been close to noon —— the heat nearly hid us in; the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down. By the time we reached the mountain, it was our o'clock and we were exhausted. Here, judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit, not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert. Sure enough, by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff, dragging Mohammed and me along with him. By nine, when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit, we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day.
本段从“rose”(起床)写起,然后是吃早餐(“not to miss breakfast”, “closing at nine o'clock”),然后是“close to noon”,一直写到这一天结束(“By nine——”)。
B. 按位置远近排列(spatial arrangement)。例如:
From a distance, it looked like a skinny tube, but as we got closer, we could see it flesh out before our eyes. It was tubular, all right, but fatter than we could see from far away. Furthermore, we were also astonished to notice that the building was really in two parts: a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular one-story structure. Standing ten feet away, we could marvel at how much of the pagoda was made up of glass windows. Almost everything under the wonderful Chinese roof was made of glass, unlike the tube that it was sitting on, which only had four. Inside, the tube was gloomy, because of the lack of light. Then a steep, narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda and the light changed dramatically. All those windows let in a flood of sunshine and we could see out for miles across the flat land.
本段的写法是由远及近,从远处(“from a distance”)写起,然后“get closer”,再到(“ten feet away”),最后是“inside the pagoda”……当然,按位置远近来写不等于都是由远及近。根据需要,也可以由近及远,由表及里等等。
C. 按逻辑关系排列(logical arrangement)
a. 按重要性顺序排列(arrangement in order of importance)
If you work as a soda jerker, you will, of course, not need much skill in expressing yourself to be effective. If you work on a machine, your ability to express yourself will be of little importance. But as soon as you move one step up from the bottom, your effectiveness depends on your ability to reach others through the spoken or the written word. And the further away your job is from manual work, the larger the organization of which you are an employee, the more important it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in writing or speaking. In the very large business organization, whether it is the government, the large corporation, or the Army, this ability to express oneself is perhaps the most important of all the skills a man can possess.
这一段谈的是表达能力,它的重要性与职业,身份有关,从“not need much skill”或“of little importance”到“more important”,最后是“most important”。
b.由一般到特殊排列(general-to-specific arrangement)
If a reader is lost, it is generally because the writer has not been careful enough to keep him on the path. This carelessness can take any number of forms. Perhaps a sentence is so excessively cluttered that the reader, hacking his way through the verbiage, simply doesn't know what it means. Perhaps a sentence has been so shoddily constructed that the reader could read it in any of several ways. Perhaps the writer has switched tenses, or has switched pronouns in mid-sentence, so the reader loses track of when the action took place or who is talking. Perhaps sentence B is not logical sequel to sentence A —— the writer, in whose head the connection is clear, has not bothered to provide the missing link. Perhaps the writer has used an important word incorrectly by not taking the trouble to look it up. He may think that "sanguine" and "sanguinary" mean the same thing, but the difference is a bloody big one. The reader can only infer what the writer is trying to imply.
这一段谈的是a writer's carelessness,先给出一个general statement作为主题句,然后通过5个 ”perhaps”加以例证。
c. 由特殊到一般排列(specific-to-general arrangement)
I do not understand why people confuse my Siamese cat, Prissy, with the one I had several years ago, Henry. The two cats are only alike in breed. Prissy, a quiet, feminine feline, loves me dearly but not possessively. She likes to keep her distance from people, exert her independence and is never so rude as to beg, lick, or sniff unceremoniously. Her usual posture is sitting upright, eyes closed, perfectly still. Prissy is a very proper cat. Henry, on the other hand, loved me dearly but possessively. He was my shadow from morning till night. He expected me to constantly entertain him. Henry never cared who saw him do anything, whether it was decorous or not, and he usually offended my friends in some way. The cat made himself quite comfortable, on the top of the television, across stranger's feet or laps, in beds, drawers, sacks, closets, or nooks. The difference between them is imperceptible to strangers.
本段的主题句是段首句,它仅提出一个问题:为什么两只猫会被搞混。然后对两者进行比较,末句才下结论。
2)、形连
行文的逻辑性常常要靠适当的转换词语及其他手段来实现。请读下面这一段文字并找出文中用以承上启下的词语:
Walter's goal in life was to become a successful surgeon. First, though, he had to get through high school, so he concentrated all his efforts on his studies —— in particular, biology, chemistry, and math. Because he worked constantly on these subjects, Walter became proficient in them; however, Walter forgot that he needed to master other subjects besides those he had chosen. As a result, ring his junior year of high school, Walter failed both English and Latin. Consequently, he had to repeat these subjects and he was almost unable to graate on schele. Finally, on June 6, Walter achieved the first step toward realizing his goal.
本文中起承上启下的词语有两种,一种是转换词语(transitional words or phrases),另一种是起转换作用的其他连接手段(linking devices)。前者依次有:first, though, so, in particular, and, because, however, besides, as a result, both…and, consequently, and, finally.后者依次是:he, he, his, his, he, these, them, he, those, his, he, these, his. 本段中共有词汇105个,所使用的转换词语及其他连接用语共26个词,约占该段总词汇量的四分之一。由此可见,掌握好transitions不仅对行文的流(smoothness)有益,而且对于学生在半个小时内写120个词也是不无好处的。

❼ 英语阅读技巧

先把问题浏览一遍,之后再开始看文章,看文章不要怕生词,没有生词的文章做了也没什么意义,见生词就跳过!掌握大意即可!

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