英语写作中独立主格结构
1. 英语里独立主格结构怎么写说的通俗点,不要复制的
独立主格结构(the absolute structure)是由名词或代词加上分词或分词短语构成的一种独立结构,用于修饰整个句子,而不是一个词或词组。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词或分词短语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系,独立主格结构的位置相当灵活,可置于主句前、主句末或主句中,常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是,独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。例如:
1)Night enshrouding the earth,nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance.(黑夜笼罩大地,谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。)
2)He lay at full length upon his stomach,his head resting upon his left forearm.(他的脊背朝天,四肢伸展,头枕着左臂,直挺挺地趴伏着。)
3)The coward was backing,his face being deathly pale,toward another room.(那个胆小鬼向另一个房间退去,脸色煞白。)
独立主格结构多用于书面语,尤其是描述性语言中,在口语和非正式文体中,一般用从句或两个句子来代替。例如,上述例句可变为:
1)Because night enshrouded the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance.
2)He lay at full length upon his stomach.His head rested upon his left forearm.
3)The coward was backing toward another room.His face was deathly pale.
2. 英语里面的独立主格结构是什么意思
独立主格结构(Absolute Structure)是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构,用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。它的位置相当灵活,可置于主句前、主句中或主句末,常由逗号将其与主句分开。
独立主格结构的基本构成形式:名词(代词)+现在分词(过去分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语等)。
例如:There being nothing else to do,they have goneaway.由于无事可做,他们离开了。(代词+现在分词)
独立主格结构的用法:主要用于描绘性文字中,其作用相当于一个状语从句,常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如:
1、 表示时间
His first play a success, he wrote another.
他第一个剧本成功后,又写了另一个剧本。
2、 表示条件
The teacher to help us, we will succeed.
有老师的帮助,我们就能成功。
3、表示原因
It being Sunday, they had no classes.
由于是星期天,他们不上课。
4、表示伴随情况
He lay on his back, his face up and his hands crossed under his head.
他脸朝天,头枕着手躺着。
需要注意的问题:
1、 独立主格结构中分句和主句的主语不一致。含有独立主格结构的句子,前后主语是不一致的,这也是独立主格结构和非谓语分句作状语的最重要区别。
2. 在独立主格结构中,动词是用现在分词还是过去分词: 一般来说如果逻辑主语和动词之间是主谓关系,用现在分词。但如果逻辑主语和动词之间是动宾关系,并且有被动的意思,用过去分词。
3. 独立主格结构相当于一个状语从句。
4. 完成时态的运用,在独立主格结构中如果强调分词的时间发生在主句动作时间之前,常用现在分词的完成时态having done, 根据情况确定是用主动还是被动。
3. 英语中的独立主格结构怎么理解
名词+V-ing这种类型的吧……我们老师是这么告诉我们的
比如说:
There being nowhere to hide, the thief was caught by the students.中的there being就是独立主格版结构
或者您去网络里看看吧权http://ke..com/view/145.html?wtp=tt
4. 英语独立主格结构
要弄懂为什么用过去分词seated,首先要知道seat作动词用时是个及物动词,回而且它的宾语是人不是物。答如:祈使句Be seated please(请坐)的主语是省去了you。即:you are seated. 或者Seat yourself. 再如:I saw him seated on a sofa. (我看到他坐在沙发上。),也是人作seat的宾语。
5. 关于英语中的独立主格结构
独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词(副)词、或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该结构不是句子,也不是从句,所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化,它与其主句之间既不能通过并列连词连接也不能有从句引导词引导,常用逗号与其主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或其他状语形式,但很多时候不能转化为分词形式,因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。在做这类题目时一定要小心判断,不能粗心大意。
一、独立主格结构的构成形式
独立主格结构的构成方式为:名词普通格或代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语等。使用独立主格结构是因为出现了与句子主语不一致的情况。
1. 名词或代词+现在分词
现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态。如:
The man lay there, his hands trembling.
那个男子躺在那儿,双手在颤抖。
有时,现在分词being或having been在独立主格结构中可以省略。如:
The weather (being) fine,we decided to go swimming.
天气晴朗,我们决定去游泳。
2. 名词或代词+过去分词
过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作。如:
The girl sat there silent,her head bent low.
这姑娘一声不响,低着头坐在那里。
All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.
各方面考虑起来,她的论文比你的论文更要有价值一些。
3. 名词或代词+不定式(短语)
不定式表示将来的动作。如:
He suggested going for a picnic,Mary to provide the food.
他建议去野餐,由玛丽负责提供食物。
Time is pressing, two hours to go only.
时间紧迫,只剩两个小时了。
4. 名词或代词+名词(短语) 如:
Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children.
许多人参加了这项工作,其中一些人是妇女和儿童。
5. 名词或代词+形容词(短语)
形容词(短语)说明前面名词或代词的性质或状态。如:
The floor wet, we had to stay outside for a while.
地面很湿,我们只好在外面呆一会儿。
6. 名词或代词+副词
副词也多是说明前面名词或代词的状态。如:
The meeting over, we all went home.
会议结束了,我们都回家了。
7. 名词或代词+介词短语 如:
The teacher came in, a book in his hand.
老师进来了,手里拿着一本书。
有时,独立主格结构中名词前面的定语可以省略。如:
The boy lay silently on the grass, (his) eyes closed.
A girl was walking in the street, (a) flower in (her) hand.
二 独立主格结构的作用
1. 作状语
1) 表示时间 如:
Her homework done (=After her homework was done),Lucy decided to go shopping.
2) 表示原因 如:
There being no buses (Because there were no buses),we had to walk home.
3) 表示条件 如:
Weather permitting (If weather permits), we will go to play football.
4) 表示方式或伴随 如:
He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat.
2. 作同位语 如:
There are two doors, one leading to the bedroom, the other (leading) to the kitchen.
三 独立主格前面有时可以加上介词with或without,构成介词的复合结构。这种结构在句中主要用作状语,也可用作定语。如:
He stood on the deck with his hand waving to us.(状语)
他站在甲板上向我们频频挥手。
He went out without a hat on his head.(状语)
他头上没戴帽子就出去了。
Do you know the girl with a bag on her back?(定语)
你认识那个后背上背包的女孩吗?
10.1 独立主格
(一): 独立主格结构的构成:
名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词;
名词(代词)+形容词;
名词(代词)+副词;
名词(代词)+不定式;
名词(代词) +介词短语构成。
(二) 独立主格结构的特点:
1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。
2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定 式,介词等是主谓关系。
3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例:
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考试结束了,我们开始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天气允许,我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成后,我们才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
会议结束后,每个人都想早点回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里,耳朵冻坏了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆。
6. 英语中独立主格结构有几种形式
独立主格类型1:名词(代词)+现在分词 The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后,我们就回家了。 We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假设天气好,我们就进行比赛。 The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off. 班长病了,我们最好还是延期开会吧。
独立主格类型2:名词(代词)+过去分词 The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。 The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 最后一班公车已经走了,我们必须走路回家。 More time given, we should have done the job much better. 如果给我们更多的时间,我们会把工作做得更好。
独立主格类型3:名词(代词)+不定式 Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week.
独立主格类型4:名词(代词)+介词短语 The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand
独立主格类型5:名词(代词)+形容词或副词 He sat in the front row, his mouth half open
独立主格类型6:There being +名词(代词) There being nothing else to do, we went home
独立主格类型7:It being +名词(代词) It being Christmas, the government offices were closed
说明:独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。如: Don’t sleep with the windows open
请看下面一道题 Not far from the school there was a garden, _________ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon. A. its B. whose C. which D. that
7. 英语的独立主格结构是什么样结构
独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语,加上分词、形容词、副词、动词回不定式或答介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系,通常称为“独立主格结构”。
“独立主格结构”在句中的功能就相当于一个带有自己主语的非限制性状语从句。众所周知非限制性从句通常以主句的某一成分作为自己的逻辑主语,从而依附于主句。而有些非限制性从句和无动词从句带有自己的主语,在结构上与主句不发生关系,因此成为独立主格结构。其实,虽然叫做独立主格结构,并不是真正的独立,它还是一种从属分句,在句中有多种作用。如:表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等,在句中通常起状语作用。有时还可以做定语 。
8. 英语中独立主格结构的详细结构是什么
名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词;
名词(代词)+形容词;
名词(代词)+副词;
名词(代词)+不定式;
名词(代词) +介词短语构成。
1.名词+介词短语
1)The mayor of Hiroshima strode at a leisure pace toward the puzzled journalist,a bunch of flowers in his hands.(广岛市市长双手捧着一束鲜花,迈着方步走向那个迷惑不解的记者。)
2)Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the ramshackle house,a vast load of firewood on her back.(每天下午,一个背着一大背柴禾的老妇人都会从那间东倒西歪的房屋前蹒跚着走过。)
2.名词+形容词(短语)
1)The Trojans asleep,the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse.(特洛伊人睡着了,于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。)
2)The wretched boy,who has recently been dragged from the forest to scrub floors in the barracks,is now sweeping away the snow,his hands numb with cold.(那个可怜的小男孩最近刚刚从森林中被抓进兵营里打扫地板,现在他正在扫雪,手都冻麻了。)
3.名词+副词
1)This little excitement over,noth- ing was to be done but to return to a steadfast gaze at my mute companion.(一阵小小的兴奋过后,除了再去死死地盯着我的哑伴外,别无它事可干了。)
2)This intermezzo over,he found himself surrounded by several stunning,
porcelain-faced Japanese women in kimonos.(这曲子过后,他发现自己身处几位穿着和服并且有着娇好面容的日本女人的包围之中。)
此外,with常常用在独立主格结构前,构成介词短语作状语。这种用法中的with不表达什么意义,因而常可省略。请看例句:
1)With a revolver in his right hand, Johnny hurled his muscular body against the door and smashed it down with a crash.(约翰尼右手拿着左轮手枪,健壮的身体猛扑在门上,轰隆一声把门撞开了。)
2)The traffic inched along,with horns honking.(汽车缓慢地向前挪着,喇叭声不断响着。)
9. 什么是英语当中的独立主格结构
详见 http://www.rye.net/syy/zxyy/200809/9700.html
一、 独立主格结构的含义和实质
“独立主格结构”(absolute construction)又叫“独立结构”,是带有自己主语的非谓语动词分句和无动词分句。由于在语法上有自己的逻辑主语,结构上与主句不发生关系,因此传统语法叫做“独立主格结构”。其实,所谓“独立主格结构”并非真正独立,它还是一种从属分句,与主句紧密联系在一起,共同表达一个完整的意思,通常在句中起状语分句的作用。独立主格结构可放于句首、句尾,用逗号和主句隔开。
二、 独立主格结构的基本形式和功能
独立主格结构可以分为两部分:一部分是名词或代词,起逻辑主语的作用;另一部分是非谓语动词分句(现在分词、过去分词、不定式)或无动词分句(名词、形容词、副词、介词短语),表示前面名词或代词的动作或状态。
基本形式是:名词普通格/代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语,with引导的复合结构。
1. 名词/代词+ 现在分词
现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等。
例 The man lay there, his hands trembling.
So many students being absent, the meeting had to be put off.
His homework having been done, Tom went to sleep.
注:“独立结构”中的being或 having been 有时可以省去,这样就成了无动词分句或过去分词分句。
2. 名词/代词+过去分词
过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态。
例 The boy lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head.
The job not finished, we couldn’t see the film.
Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move.
后面两个句子也可以看成省略掉了having been,being。如果加上,这两个句子就又变成了现在分词分句。
3. 名词/代词+不定式
不定式表示的是将来的动作。
例He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food.
These are the first two books, the third one to come out next month.
We shall get together at 7:30, the procession(游行) to start moving at 8 sharp.
4. 名词/代词+名词
名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。
例 Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children.
He fought the tiger,a stick his only weapon.
5. 名词/代词+形容词短语
形容词(短语)说明前面名词或代词的性质,状态,原因等。
例The floor wet and slippery, we had to stay outside for a while.
I heard that she got injured in the accident, my heart full of sorry.
这两个句子也可以看成是省略了being,如果加上,就变成了现在分词分句。
6. 名词/代词+副词
副词说明前面名词或代词的状态。
例 The meeting over, we all went home.
Nobody in, he left a message on the board.
He sat at the table, head down.
7. 名词/代词+介词短语
介词短语说明伴随前面名词或代词的方式或者状态。
例 The teacher came in, a book under his arm.
The hunter entered the forest, gun in hand.
Nobody at home, the thief took a lot of things away.
8. with引导的复合结构, 也可以认为是一种独立主格结构
例 A woman got on the bus with a baby around her arms.
The teacher came in with several students following behind.
With a lot of things to deal with, he will have a difficult time.
With the work done, he went out to eat.
He left the office with the lights on.
Mary rushed out of the house with the door open.
三、 学习独立主格结构应注意的一些问题
1. 独立主格结构中分句和主句的主语不一致
从以上例子我们可以看出,含有独立主格结构的句子,前后主语是不一致的,这也是独立主格结构和非谓语分句作状语的最重要区别。
例 (1) Hearing the news, he was very excited.
(2) Winter coming, it gets colder and colder.
在这两个句子里,第一个句子,前后的主语是一致的,都是he, 也就是说动词hear的动作发出者是主语he , 因此它是一个现在分词短语作状语表示原因的句子;而第二个句子,我们可以发现,有两个主语,第一个是动词come 的逻辑主语winter, 而第二个主语是句子真正的主语it,非谓语动词coming 和it 之间没有任何关系,因此它是一个独立主格结构。
2. 在独立主格结构中,动词是用现在分词还是过去分词
一般来说如果逻辑主语和动词之间是主谓关系,用现在分词。如:Time permitting, we will go out to play.一句中,time 和 permit 之间是逻辑上的主谓关系--- “时间允许”,因此用现在分词。 如果逻辑主语和动词之间是动宾关系,并且有被动的意思,用过去分词。如:“More time given,we should have done it better. ”一句中,time 和give 之间的关系是动宾关系,有被动的意思---“如果被给更多时间”,因此用过去分词。
3. 独立主格结构相当于一个状语从句
独立主格结构不是一个句子,而是相当于一个状语从句,可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式和伴随情况等。
例 Work done, John went home.相当于一个表示时间的状语从句:When the work has been done, John went home.
例There being no buses, we had to walk home.相当于一个表示原因的状语从句:Because there are no buses, we had to walk home.
4. 完成时态的运用
在独立主格结构中如果强调分词的时间发生在主句动作时间之前,常用现在分词的完成时态having done, 根据情况确定是用主动还是被动。
例The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.
His wallet having been stolen, he didn’t know what to do next.
10. 英语中的独立主格结构,要详细说明解释,有条理,要求没要点都举一例句,例句附带翻译
(一)独立主格结构( 也称为独立结构 )的定义 “独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语,加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。在形式上与主句没有关系,通常称为“独立主格结构”。 如何理解这句话?一个是“主格”怎么理解?一个是“独立”怎么理解? 所谓“主格”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语,“主格”就由此而来,逻辑主语不同于主句的主语。有了逻辑主语,就会有逻辑谓语,它的逻辑谓语就是由“分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语(作为逻辑谓语)构成”。这就意味着:独立结构的类型包括不定式独立结构、分词独立结构、无动词独立结构、介词独立结构等。 所谓独立,就是在形式上与主句没有关系,才称之“独立”。跟主句没有任何句法联系;但在意义上却与主句紧密联系在一起,共同构成一个完整的语义环境。独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。实质上并非真正的独立,仍然属于主句的从属短语的一种结构,在句中有多种作用。如:表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等,在句中通常起状语作用,多用于书面语描述性文字,不常用于口语。在口语和非正式文体中,一般用从句或两个句子来代替。 “独立主格结构”实质就是带有自己主语的非限定状语从句。下面两点很重要。 1.非限定性从句通常以主句的某一成分作为自己的逻辑主语,从而依附于主句。 2.有些非限定性从句和无动词从句带有自己的主语,在结构上与主句不发生关系,也可成为独立主格结构。 英语的独立结构的出现,使英语语言走出了一条经济之路,可以用更少的字词表达同样丰富的内容,使英语表达更趋于简洁。表面上看,独立结构是个破碎的英语,而透过它的内涵,描述又是那么简明生动,是指导今后阅读写作的一种有效工具。写作中学会用独立结构,可帮助我们把英语表达提升到一个更高的层面。 为了加深对独立结构的了解和认识,像学其他语法知识一样,离不开其结构功能的例句。 (二)独立主格的功能例句 下面打线的部分就是独立结构,它们不是句子,它们没有自己的主语和谓语,只有逻辑主语和逻辑谓语。他们各自依附于主句,但不充当主句的任何成分,是独立而存的。 试分析下列例句中独立结构的逻辑主语和逻辑谓语,并指出逻辑谓语的词性或不同的短语(不定式短语、分词短语还是介词短语?) 1) 表示时间 The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后,我们都回家了。 Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活,坐下来喝茶。 2) 表示条件 The condition being favorable, he may succeed. 若条件有利,他或许能成功。 3) 表示原因 There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车,我们只好步行。 He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷,所以他把她裹得严严实实的。 4) 表示伴随情况 Almost all metals are good conctors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体,而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conctors, and silver is the best of all.) (三)独立主格结构的构成 要了解和把握独立主格结构的构成,首先要认识独立结构的特点: 1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。 2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词等是主谓关系。 3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 4)独立结构的位置比较灵活,可置于句首、句中或句尾。 构成形式有: 名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词 名词(代词)+形容词 名词(代词)+副词 名词(代词)+名词 名词(代词)+不定式 名词(代词) +介词短语 记住独立主格结构包括两部分,第一部分都是一样的:名词或代词;第二部分,分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语。名词(代词)+形容词,名词(代词)+副词,名词(代词)+名词和名词(代词) +介词短语也称为无动词的独立结构。 分别举例如下: 如同前面的思维方法,下面打线的部分就是独立结构,它们不是句子,它们没有自己的主语和谓语,只有逻辑主语和逻辑谓语。他们各自依附于主句,但不充当主句的任何成分,是独立而存的。 试分析下列例句中独立结构的逻辑主语和逻辑谓语,并指出逻辑谓语的词性或不同的短语(不定式短语、分词短语还是介词短语?)有的词汇是多词性,看起来是动词,但此时此地是形容词,如3)中例2,open不是动词,是形容词。 1 )名词 / 代词 + 现在分词 Winter coming, it gets colder and colder. 冬天来了,天气越来越冷了。 The rain having stopped, he went out for a walk. 雨停了,他出去散步。 The question being settled, we wound up the meeting. 问题解决之后,我们结束了会议。 2 ) 名词 / 代词 + 过去分词 “Marquis,” said the boy, turning to the man, his eyes opened wide, and his right hand raised. 3) 名词 / 代词 + 形容词 The men moved slowly forward, neck deep in the water, with their officers guiding them. It stood silent in the noon sunlight, its door open. 4 ) 名词 / 代词 + 副词 Nobody in, the thief took a lot of things away. Lunch over, he left the house. But he was thinking. 5 ) 名词 / 代词(主格) + 不定式 We shall assemble at ten forty-five, the procession to start moving at precisely eleven. 我们十点四十五分集合,队伍十一点准时出发。 Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month. 这是前两卷,第三卷将于下月问世。 We divided the work, he to clean the windows and I to sweep the floor. 我们进行了分工,他擦窗户,我扫地。 The two boys said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to his friend’s. 两个男孩彼此道了别,一个回了家,另一个去了他朋友家。 6 ) 名词 / 代词 + 介词短语(注意与名词短语、动词短语的区别) I followed him here, climbed in, sword in hand. The huntsman entered the forest, gun in hand. 那位猎人手里提着枪走进了树林。 (gun in hand 也可看成无动词的独立结构) He sat at the table, coat off, head down, and pen in hand. 7 ) 名词 / 代词 + 名词 He fought the wolf, a stick his only weapon. 他和狼搏斗着,唯一的武器是一根棍棒。 8 )无动词独立结构的形式为 “ 逻辑主语 + 名词 / 形容词 / 副词 / 介词短语 ” ,常用作状语,表示方式或伴随等。 例如: a. The children, many of them infants, were left with nothing to eat. b. She sat down on the ground, her face pale with great pain. c. The class over, the students made for the dining hall. d. The teacher entered the classroom, a book in hand. 9 )介词独立结构的形式为 “with/without + 逻辑主语 + 形容词 / 副词 / 介词短语 / 不定式 / 现在分词 / 过去分词 ” ,常作状语,表示方式、伴随、原因等。 例如“ a. He left in a hurry, with the door open. b. The boy entered the room, without shoes and socks on. c. With all the work on hand, he shouldn’t have gone to the cinema last night.d. With a lot of homework to do, I couldn’t go to bed. e. Without anyone noticing, Tom slipped out of the classroom. f. Without a word more spoken, she left. 四、独立分词结构作状语与分词短语作状语及状语从句的比较 1 .独立分词结构作状语与分词短语作状语的区别 独立分词结构作为句子中的一个语言单位,其逻辑主语而与句子的主语并不一致。如: The day being fine, we decided to go swimming. They’ll send you the book for $10, postage included. We explored the caves, Peter acting as the guide. 但分词短语作状语时,其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。也就是说,分词短语的逻辑主语就是主句谓语动词的主语。如: Given more practice, the students could have made still greater progress. Driving along an almost deserted country road, they run out of gas. 2. 独立分词结构作状语和状语从句的区别 1) 前者是一个短语,有逻辑主语但没有句子结构,后者是一个从句,有主谓结构; 2) 前者的逻辑主语与主句不同,后者的主语与主句的主语不一定相异; 3) 前者不需用从属连词,后者必须用从属连词。试比较: It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. As it was a holiday, all the shops were shut. 五、 不定式独立结构和分词独立结构功能的区别 (什么时候用动词不定式独立结构?什么时候用分词结构?) 1. 不定式独立结构的形式为 “逻辑主语 + 不定式”,常作状语,表示说明或伴随,偶尔也作主语。例如: a. We divided the work, she to clean the window and I to sweep the floor. b. I to bear this is some burden. 我担负此物颇不轻松。 2. 分词独立结构的形式为 “逻辑主语 + 现在分词/过去分词”,常用作状语,用来表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随等;有时可作同位语,起补充说明的作用。例如: a. The dark clouds having dispersed, the sun shone again. (时间) b. This down, he left the home. (时间) c. Nobody having any more to say, the meeting was closed. (原因) d. All his savings gone, he started looking for a job. (原因) e. Weather permitting, we’ll have a football match tomorrow. (条件) f. Everything taken into account, his plan seems to be more workable. (条件) g. He guiding her, they crossed the street. (方式) h. He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head. (方式) i. He climbed slowly up the mountain, his courage slipping away at every step. (伴随) j. He returned, his face covered with mud and his clothes torn into piece. (伴随) k. Three were 50 entrances for the competition, the youngest being a girl of 14. (同位语) 六、如果一句中含有几个 “ 独立结构 ” ,通常是把表示概括意义(粗像意义的内容)的结构置于最后。 例如: The professor was slammed against the wall, his body frisked, his wrists handcuffed, his dignity lost. 教授被猛推倒墙上,被搜了身,手被拷着,尊严尽失。 七、使用独立主格四点注意 1.独立主格与状语从句的转换当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时,可用独立主格结构取代状语从句,但不再保留连词。如:After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后,学生很快离开了课室。 2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形在下列两种情况下,独立主格结构中的being(或having been)不能省略。 (1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如:It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天,我们去了做礼拜。 (2)在There being+名词的结构中。如:There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车,所以我们不得不步行回家。 3. 通常不用物主代词或冠词在“名词(或代词)+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中,一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如: Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯小姐走进了课室,手里拿着一本书。比较with的复合结构。如:Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand. 4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了,我们开始开会。(比较动名词复合结构。) 望采纳.