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英語閱讀和作文技巧

發布時間: 2021-01-06 16:22:15

A. 求提高英語閱讀寫作能力的方法!

親愛的同學你好,我是英語快速閱讀協會會員,很高興為你解答。

本人專注於速讀記憶能力研究8年以上,同時有幸成為快速閱讀協會會員。對於如何增強記憶力和快速閱讀效率,速讀記憶力專家普遍認為,只要通過訓練,通過學習,英語閱讀能力、記憶力是可以成倍提高的,下面給你說一些關於英語閱讀、記憶力的經驗:

1、快速閱讀的技巧就是一眼看上去,能夠閱讀多個字,看到一堆字就知道文字的意思,不用去過多思考,習慣性的看上去就直接理解文字大意。所以速度就上去了。同時,學習效率自然也就提高了。

2、快速閱讀的技巧有利於提高學習效率,主要是復習課本的效率,讀的速度快,相同的時間可以重復讀好幾遍,自然記住的就快了。但是,快速閱讀是一種方法,也是一種習慣,很多人以為學習了理論知識,就能夠領悟到快速閱讀的方法,其實不是的。快速閱讀既然是一種方法,那麼首先要懂得方法,其次,快速閱讀還是一種習慣,那麼既然是習慣,就需要練習,只有勤加練習,才有可能提高。所以,建議平時要多刻意的在實戰的時候多訓練自己的速度。

3、快速閱讀主要針對考試或者學習的人,能夠提高記憶力和學習效率。我女兒高考和後來的公務員考試都是用精英特快速閱讀來訓練速讀的,精英特是快速閱讀加快速記憶,她以前的閱讀速度在300字,記憶力不行,在2008年的時候就學習精英特,高考的成功很大程度上市因為學習速讀。包括現在的公務員考試,也是因為這個,大大提高復習效率。

4、如果是正在考試或者正在忙著備考的學生,我建議學習一下精英特,能夠提高記憶力和學習效率,精.英特速讀也是我們協會認可的。希望你早日進步!

希望我的回答能幫到你,望採納。

B. 如何提高英語寫作和閱讀能力

一、提高英語寫作能力的原則
一)漸進性原則。要堅持「句—段—篇」的訓練程序,由易到難,循序漸進。在英語寫作的初始階段,要始終注意培養學生良好的寫作習慣,狠抓基本功訓練。在學生掌握了基本句型並能寫出簡單句子後,再要求學生根據一些體例寫出小段的文章。在段落寫作中要引導學生分析段落的結構、段落的中心句、句與句之間的邏輯關系、寫作手法等,這樣有利於下一步一篇文章的寫作。在文章寫作中要教會學生如何構思文章、如何運用正確的寫作技巧等。

(二)多樣性原則。要堅持訓練形式的多樣化及寫作文體的多樣性。從形式上而言,可以用回答提問的口頭作文,也可以用續寫故事;可以改寫課文,也可以仿寫課文;可以寫提綱訓練謀篇布局,也可以寫拓展段訓練發散思維……。從文體上而言,可以寫說明文、議論文、記敘文,也可以寫書信、便條、通知等實用文體。

(三)結合性原則。要堅持聽說讀訓練和寫訓練相結合。根據語言習得理論,學習者在學習時常先通過聽和讀吸取語言知識,從而了解別人的思想,再通過說和寫來表達自己的思想,讓別人了解自己。大量的聽說訓練能促進讀寫能力的提高。因此,寫與聽說讀緊密結合,進行多元化的能力訓練,可使學生的各項能力互相影響、互相滲透、互相促進。

(四)控制性原則。要堅持寫作前的指導,控制學生的漢語語言思維,發展英語語言思維。語言學習在很大程度上主要是模仿,而非隨心所欲地自由表達。教師要加強寫作前的指導,可給出範文讓學生模仿,以熟悉其語篇結構。同時要控制其漢語語言思維,盡可能讓學生習慣英語語言思維,以便於學生學習和掌握地道、正確的英語。

(五)持久性原則。要堅持長期、正確的寫作訓練。英語寫作能力的提高並非一朝一夕之事,而是一個長期的、艱巨的、漸進的過程。這就要求教師、學生都要有充分的思想准備,要有堅韌不拔的意志和必勝的信心。

二、提高英語寫作能力的方法。
(一)通過積累詞彙量,提高英語寫作能力。猶如土木磚石是建築的材料一樣,詞彙是說話寫作的必需材料,也是制約寫作能力提高的瓶頸。可以想像,如果要寫一個句子,10個單詞有8個單詞拼寫錯誤或拼寫不出,有2 個單詞用法不當,又怎麼能清楚地表達自己的思想呢?因此,在平時的教學中要強調學生記憶單詞,記住單詞的拼讀、用法、意思等。記憶單詞的方法有很多,各人有各人的記憶方法和習慣,可因人而異。教師可通過要求學生朗讀單詞、聽寫單詞、默寫單詞、遣詞造句、詞彙競賽等多種方法促進學生記單詞。記憶單詞是一個長期的反復的過程,要長期地堅持下去,才能不斷積累大量的詞彙,為英語寫作打下堅實的基礎。
(二)通過擴大閱讀量,提高英語寫作能力。古人雲「熟讀唐詩三百首,不會作詩也會吟」,這是漢語的一種學習方法,同樣可借鑒於英語寫作。多閱讀是學生增加接觸英語語言材料、接受信息、活躍思維、增長智力的一種途徑,同時也是培養學生英語思維能力、提高理解力、增強語感、鞏固和擴大詞彙量的一種好方法,有利於促進英語寫作能力的提高。在閱讀訓練中,教師要注意以下問題:一是指導閱讀方法,分析文章結構、中心思想、段落中心句、寫作方法等,幫助學生掌握各類文章的結構及寫作方法。二要精讀與泛讀相結合,通過推敲優秀的文章來學會寫作方法和選詞用詞;通過大量的泛讀來吸取信息量,擴大詞彙量。三要擴大閱讀量。提供閱讀的材料涉及面要廣,才能不斷擴大學生的知識面,使學生適應各種題材的寫作。
(三)通過提高聽說能力,提高英語寫作能力。英語聽說讀寫四種能力是相互影響、相互促進的,提高聽說能力必定會促進寫作能力的提高。要提高聽說能力關鍵在於創設一個良好的英語環境。教師要盡可能地用英語授課,多開展專門的聽說訓練,同時開展豐富多彩的課外英語活動,讓學生沉浸在英語海洋中去領略、去體會、去使用英語,久而久之,學生自然能使用正確的、地道的英語進行交談與寫作。
(四)通過重視寫作過程,提高英語寫作能力。長期以來,英語寫作成果教學法(THE PRODUCT APPROACH)在我國居於主導地位,教師根據寫作的終成品來判斷寫作的成敗,重視寫作的技術性細節(如格式、拼寫、語法等),忽視寫作過程的指導。根據D.Rumechart和J.McClelland提出的連通論(Connectionism)理論,寫作包括寫前階段、具體寫作、文章修改三個基本過程,這三個過程並非是線性排列,而是循環往復,穿插進行的。教師只有重視加強對寫作三個過程的指導,才能更好地提高英語寫作能力。在寫作前階段,教師重在指導學生如何挖掘題材,訓練發散性思維,以及如何選擇材料、謀篇布局等。在具體寫作中,教師重在指導學生如何緊扣主題、運用正確的寫作方法等。在文章修改中,教師重在指導學生如何修改語法及用詞的錯誤。
(五)通過多寫英語摘要,提高英語寫作能力。英語摘要是把一篇文章的要點摘錄出來,用自己的語言使之獨立成一篇短文,這不是簡單的摘錄,而是忠於原文意思的再創作。寫英語摘要有利於學生了解原文的文化背景、理解原文的中心意思、弄清原文的篇章結構,從而提高學生的邏輯思維能力和謀篇布局能力。
(六)通過發展英語語言思維能力,提高英語寫作能力。英語寫作是運用已掌握的內在化語言知識和表達方法,通過思維進行外在化輸出的創作,因此英語語言思維能力在英語寫作中作用非凡。對於我國學生而言,在英語寫作中易受漢語語言思維的影響,難以直接用英語語言進行思維,不利於英語寫作能力的提高,因此發展其英語語言思維能力尤為重要。教師要注意對學生的英語語言思維進行多方位、多角度的訓練:要採取各種方法訓練學生英語語言思維的廣闊性、深刻性、發散性和創造性;要教會學生用英語思考問題、回答問題;要從訓練形象思維開始,逐步過渡到抽象思維訓練;在課文講解中要盡可能不用漢語翻譯而用英語解釋,消除漢語思維的影響;要努力創設良好的英語環境,在英語交際中發展英語思維能力。

提高英語閱讀能力的三個途徑:
一、分析文章的結構規律
一般來說,我們閱讀文章的目的是為了獲取信息。文章體裁不同,其結構特點就會各異。因此,我們獲取信息的最有效方法之一就是去學習和了解文章的結構,以便更加准確、快速地定位我們要找的信息。

大學英語四級考試中的閱讀理解文章的體裁主要有三類:敘述文、說明文和議論文。下面我們結合2000年12月份的大學英語四級考試真題來具體說明如何利用文章的結構特點來達到閱讀的目的。

1、敘述文
敘述文一般以講述個人生活經歷為主,對於經歷的陳述通常由一定的時間概念貫穿其中,或順序或倒序。但是四級考試中一般不出現單純的敘述文,因為單純的敘述文比較簡單、易懂。所以四級考試中的敘述文大多是夾敘夾議的文章。這類文章的基本結構模式是:

1) 用一段概括性的話引入要敘述的經歷(話題)

2) 敘述先前的經歷(舉例1)及其感悟或發現

3) 敘述接下來的經歷(舉例2)及其感悟或發現

4) 做出總結或結論

2000年12月四級考試閱讀理解的第二篇就是這樣的結構。我們可以將其結構簡化為:

1) 總括性的話:

Engineering students are supposed to be example of practicality and rationality, but when it comes to my college ecation I am an idealist and a fool.

2) 先前的經歷或想法

In high school I wanted to be ……,but I didn't chose a college with a large engineering department.

3) 往後的經歷

I chose to study engineering at a small liberal-arts university for a broad ecation

4) 接下來的經歷

I headed off for sure that I was going to have an advantage over others.

5) 再下來的經歷

Now I am not so sure. …… I have learned the reasons why few engineering students try to reconcile engineering with liberal-arts courses in college.

6) 結論

I have realized that the struggle to reconcile the study of engineering and liberal-arts is difficult.

只要理解了這類文章的結構特點解答問題就相當簡單,因為這類文章後的閱讀理解試題大多是和文章的內容先後順序一致的細節題。

2、說明文(描述文)
說明文的一般結構模式和敘述文的結構模式有相通之處即:提出問題(或以一個事例引出問題)---- (專家)發現直接原因----- 分析深層原因-----得出結論或找到出路。

2000年12月四級考試閱讀理解第三篇就是這樣的一篇文章。

1) Priscilla Ouchuida's "energy-efficient" house turned out to be a horrible dream. …… a strange illness. (事例)

2) Experts finally traced the cause of her illness.(直接原因)

3) The Ouchidas are victims of indoor air pollution,….(深層原因)

4) The problem appears it be more troublesome in newly constructed homes rather than old ones. (得出結論)

知道了類似的文章結構特點,就可以據此來進行考題預測。比如,我們看出了該篇文章屬於這種結構類型,就能判斷出幾個問題中肯定有一個要問原因,還有可能要出現推斷題。

3、議論文
我們大家最容易辨認出來的議論文模式是主張---反主張模式。在這一模式中,作者首先提出一種普遍認可的觀點或某些人認可的主張或觀點,然後進行澄清,說明自己的主張或觀點,或者說提出反主張或真實情況。1996年1月大學英語四級考試閱讀理解第四篇就是這樣的結構。

文章的開始提出某college teacher認為:"High school English teachers are not doing their jobs ." 因為 His students has a bad command of English.

作者的反觀點是:
1) It is inevitable for one generation to complain the one immediately following it. And it is human nature to look for reasons for our dissatisfaction.

2) The people who criticize the high school teachers are not aware that their language ability has developed through the years.

最後的結論是:The concern about the decline and fall of the English language is a generation, and is not new and peculiar to taday's young people.

議論文的這種結構特點決定了它的主要題型是作者觀點態度題,文章主旨題以及推理判斷題。只要發現了這種結構特點,解答問題的主要任務就變成了到段落內找答案, 基本上不存在任何困難。

通過研究以上的文章結構特點,我們不難發現,在四級考試閱讀理解中無論任何體裁的文章都遵循著這樣一個共同的模式:提出話題(觀點或事例)---- 用事例分析原因(或批駁觀點)------得出結論。 對文章結構特點的把握有助於讀者更加自覺地關注文章的開始和結尾,分清觀點和事例,從而在四級考試的閱讀理解中准確定位,快速答題。

二、 巧妙繞開生詞
我們這里所說的巧妙繞開生詞的方法和上面分析文章結構特點的思路是統一的,也就是說,只要我們從總體上把握了文章,不用認識每一個單詞也能照樣理解整篇文章。
1、英語文章中不是所有的詞的功能都是同等的,有些詞擔負著傳達主要信息的功能,而有些詞主要起語法作用或者它所傳達的信息和下文的其他信息沒有聯系。這類詞有:表示人名,地名,機構名等專有名詞。遇到這些詞,只要我們能辨認出它是專有名詞,就能理解文章而不必知道它的意思。比如在下面的句子中:"In fact", says David Dinges, a sleep specialist at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine,"there's even a prohibition against admitting we need sleep." 兩個引號之間的部分就不必去管它。類似的還有: " We have to totally change our attitude toward napping," says Dr. William Dement of Stanford University,the godfather of sleep research.
2、我們不用弄清上面某些部分的原因是,它們的後面往往有一個同位語來解釋說明它們的意思。這就引起了我們不用弄懂所有單詞意思的第二個理由。也就是說如果我們對文章中的某一個單詞不熟悉,我們還可以根據統一篇文章中的其他信息來幫助判斷。這類信息有:同位語、下定義、解釋、舉例、同義詞、反義詞、上下義詞以及標點符號(如破折號、冒號都表示解釋和說明)等。

三、 抓住句子的主幹
我們要實現快速准確理解文章除了要抓住關鍵句子外,還要抓住句子當中的關鍵成分。主要是句子的主幹,如主語、謂語和賓語,因為它們是傳達信息的主要載體,其他成分,不論它有多麼長,多麼復雜它都是輔助成分。比如在下面的句子中:Another element in the emergence of prodigies(神童),I found , is a society that values excellence in a certain field and is able nurture talent. 只要我們抓住了Element is society.就可以得知社會是神童出現的一個因素。

我們在今天這一講中要說明的核心問題是,我們閱讀英語文章時,一定要有一個全局觀念,從宏觀上來把握文章,做到了這一點,我們面對各類文章的各類題型都能夠從容應對。

四、 抓住 "第三詞彙"
語法中的功能詞對理解句子十分重要,同樣文章中那些起組織作用的實義詞對理解文章也是非常重要的,因為掌握了它們就可以大大增強閱讀理解中的預知下文的能力。我們把這些詞稱做 "第三詞彙"(區別於僅起語法作用的功能詞和一般實義詞)。抓住了它們,就抓住了文章的核心意思。這類詞有很多,其中最常見的有:
achieve, addition, attribute, cause, change, consequence, deny, effect, explanation, fact, form, grounds, instance, kind, manner, matter, mathod, opposite, point, problem, reason, respect, result, same, situation, thing, way.

另外,有人認為"第三詞彙"主要是一些"照應名詞",其中包括:
abstraction, approach, belief, classification, doctrine, dogma, evaluation, evidence, insight, investigation, illusion, notion, opinion, position, supposition, thery, viewpoint等等。

還有人針對某一文章類型總結出一些 "第三詞彙"。比如:在"問題---解決 " 文章模式中,這些 "第三詞彙"就更加固定和明確。它們有:
問題:concern, difficulty, dilemma, drawback, hamper, hinder(hindrance), obstacle, problem, snag等。
反應:change, combat(v), come up with, develop, find, measure, respond, response等

解決或結果:answer, consequence, effect, outcome, result, solution, (re)solve等。
評價:(in)effect, manage, overcome, succeed, (un)successful, viable, work(v.)

聚集於 "主張---反主張"文章結構模式中的該類詞彙有:claim, state, truth, false, in fact, in reality, believe等等。

C. 英語作文 有很多方法來提高你的閱讀技巧

1,6級聽力題都有會轉一定彎子,聽到的不一定就是答案,必須得小心,要是沒聽清楚版,千萬不要一直去權回憶,果斷聽下一道題。也可以先看一下題,有些題不用聽就能根據常識得出答案。2,快速閱讀一般都能在原文中找到答案。推薦先看題,再在文中去找答案。注意語言簡潔一點,節約時間。3,閱讀,這個部分確實比較考能力,必須平時多練習,但閱讀題有很多在文中也能找到答案,多背單詞才是王道啊。完型與閱類似,你可以先讀一下文章,了解它主要寫的啥子,在根據上下文來填。六級完型考得不是無法,而是文章的上下文連續性,有無矛盾等。4,作文。作文是四六級的第一道題,必須兼顧速度與文采。多用從句及一些英語中比較地道的表達,注意分段與結構,還有上下文的銜接。特別要注意自己寫作文的時間哦。希樓主馬到成功,望採納。。

D. 怎麼在短時間內提高英語閱讀理解和寫作呢

我是英語老師的,所以在提高英語成績方面我很有經驗,本人就是通過以下方法提高英語專成績,取得屬了很好的效果:
1. 每天早晨抽時間背文章,背文章要有選擇性的,要感覺有點難度的但不能太難,比如你每周背兩篇到三篇訂正過的完形填空或閱讀理解,堅持一年半載考120分沒問題。
2. 做完完形填空和閱讀理解之後要把一些生詞和短語記錄下來,在晚上睡覺前復習一下,要記下來,以防以後再出現。
3. 要准備一本記錄自己做錯題目的本子,把做錯的記下來,有空就拿出來看一下。避免以後出現類似錯誤。
4. 要多了解歐美國家的相關狀況,這樣如有涉及到文學或風土人情之類的文章就好做多了!
5. 要多做練習來總結解題技巧。
6. 詞彙量一定要夠,這樣可以減輕閱讀時單詞的困擾,進而提高閱讀速度!
7. 多背一些範文,一定要留意好的短語和句子,並堅持完整無誤默寫下來!
我想以上六點如果你全做到了,以後不管是高考或者是考研等等,你都會感覺無憂、受益!
你一定行的!祝你成功!!!

E. 如何提高閱讀能力的英語作文

How to improve the English reading comprehension

English learning, including listening, speaking, reading and writing various skills training, one of the most basic should be reading ability. Now in the English exam, reading ability demanding. Read the questions in the exam scores, and has a large proportion of the score, often determines how many students grades. English reading content involves a wider range of history, about the reality of life, the article, also have the narrative of economy, science and technology, military, etc, this paper has compared to read the contents of the students interest and widely knowledge, strong ability to understand the analysis judgment. Can say, reading comprehension of improving students' comprehensive capability is one of the process, and to improve the students' English reading ability, it is not easy to find, to influence students reading comprehension.Based on the survey found that students are students, these influence factors of reading comprehension:1 the vocabulary of words, not fully understood, not exactly.2 the lack of knowledge background, affect the whole text.3 the thinking mode of expression in English and sentence structure, not familiar with this understanding of difficulty.4 bad reading habits, which affect the reading speed and the accuracy of the information access interfere with students.5. Lack basic reading skills, reading the effect not beautiful.Find the influence factors of the students' reading ability, should take measures to strengthen special training, to improve the students' reading ability.英語學習,包括聽、說、讀、寫多種技能的培養,其中最基本的應是閱讀能力了。在現在的英語考試中,對閱讀能力的要求很高。閱讀題的分數在整個試卷中佔有很大的比重,而這一部分得分的多少,往往決定了學生考分的高低。英語的閱讀內容涉及的范圍較廣,有關於歷史的也有關現實生活的,有故事性的文章,也有經濟、科技、軍事等方面的文章,這樣的閱讀內容要求學生有比較廣泛的知識面、興趣和較強的分析理解判斷能力。可以說,閱讀理解能力的提高是一個學生綜合能力提高的過程,而要想提高學生的英語閱讀能力,並非易事,先要弄清影響學生閱讀理解能力的原因。通過對學生的調查發現,下面這些是影響學生閱讀理解能力的主要因素:1. 詞彙量少,對詞語理解不準確,不全面。2. 背景知識的缺乏,影響對整篇文章的理解。3. 對英語表達的思維模式和句子結構不熟悉,造成文章理解的困難。4. 不良的閱讀習慣,既影響閱讀速度,又妨礙學生獲取信息的准確性。5. 缺乏掌握基本的閱讀技巧,閱讀效果不佳。找出了影響學生閱讀能力的主要因素後,就應針對這些方面採取措施,加強專項訓練來提高學生的閱讀能力。

F. 英語作文《提高閱讀的方法》

To improve your English reading, you should, first of all, choose something you feel important or interesting to read. Don't try to read everything. You should begin with those written in simple English. Don't read those which prove difficult for you at the very beginning.
While reading, don't read too slowly or look up every new word you meet with. After reading a passage and having its main idea in mind, you may turn back and read it again. This time you read it slowly and look up some new words if necessary.
Keep on reading in this way and you'll surely make progress little by little.

望採納 謝謝

G. 高難度英語閱讀作文技巧

1、統一性
一個段落內的各個句子必須從屬於一個中心,任何游離於中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。請看下例:
Joe and I decided to take the long trip we'd always wanted across the country. We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life. Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie. We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country. We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park. Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner. To our surprise, we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much, and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico.
本段的主題句是段首句,controlling idea(中心思想)是take the long trip across the country。文中出現兩個irrelevant sentences,一個是Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie,這一段是講的是Joe and I ,中間出現一個Bella是不合適的。還有,Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner這一句更是與主題句不相關。再看一個例子:
My name is Roseanna, and I like to keep physically fit. I used to weigh two hundred pounds, but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program. In one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again. I bought two new suitcases last week. Everyday I practice jogging three miles, swimming fifteen laps, lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. My mother was a premature baby.
本段的controlling idea 是like to deep physically fit,但段中有兩個irrelevant sentences,一個是I bought two new suitcases last week,另一個是My mother was a premature baby。
從上面兩個例子可以看出,native speakers同樣會造出來irrelevant sentences。卷面上如果這種句子多了,造成偏題或離題,那問題就更嚴重了。
2、完整性
正象我們前面說得那樣,一個段落的主題思想靠推展句來實現,如果只有主題句而沒有推展句來進一步交待和充實,就不能構成一個完整的段落。同樣,雖然有推展句,但主題思想沒有得到相對圓滿的交待,給讀者一種意猶未盡的感覺。這樣的段落也不能完成其交際功能。例如:
Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil. Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task. Besides, it is more useful to work —— you proce something rather than more anxiety or depression.
本段的主題句是段首句。本段的兩個推展句均不能回答主題句中提出的問題。什麼是「a mind in turmoil」(心境不平靜)Physical work又如何能改變這種情況?為什麼它能起therapy的作用?讀者得不到明確的答案。因此,要達到完整就必須盡可能地簡明。例如:
It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words. Often writing is much clearer than a picture. It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means, but a careful writer can almost always explain it.
段首句所表達的主題思想是一種看法,必須有具體事例加以驗證。上述兩個推展句只是在文字上對主題作些解釋,整個段落內容空洞,簡而不明。如果用一兩個具體的例子的話,就可以把主題解釋清楚了。比如下段:
It is not always true that a picture is worth a thousand words. Sometimes, pictures are pretty useless things. If you can't swim and fall in the river and start gulping water, will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning, or start screaming "Help"?
3、連貫性(coherence)
連貫性包括意連和形連兩個方面,前者指的是內在的邏輯性,後者指的是使用轉換詞語。當然這兩者常常是不可分割的。只有形連而沒有意連,句子之間就沒有內在的有機的聯系;反之,只有意連而沒有形連,有時行文就不夠流暢。
1)、意連
段落中句子的排列應遵循一定的次序,不能想到什麼就寫什麼。如果在下筆之前沒有構思,邊寫邊想,寫寫停停,那就寫不出一氣呵成的好文章來。下面介紹幾種常見的排列方式。
A.按時間先後排列(chronological arrangement)
We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose, it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast; we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine o'clock. Then, when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours —— it must have been close to noon —— the heat nearly hid us in; the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down. By the time we reached the mountain, it was our o'clock and we were exhausted. Here, judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit, not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert. Sure enough, by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff, dragging Mohammed and me along with him. By nine, when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit, we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day.
本段從「rose」(起床)寫起,然後是吃早餐(「not to miss breakfast」, 「closing at nine o'clock」),然後是「close to noon」,一直寫到這一天結束(「By nine——」)。
B. 按位置遠近排列(spatial arrangement)。例如:
From a distance, it looked like a skinny tube, but as we got closer, we could see it flesh out before our eyes. It was tubular, all right, but fatter than we could see from far away. Furthermore, we were also astonished to notice that the building was really in two parts: a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular one-story structure. Standing ten feet away, we could marvel at how much of the pagoda was made up of glass windows. Almost everything under the wonderful Chinese roof was made of glass, unlike the tube that it was sitting on, which only had four. Inside, the tube was gloomy, because of the lack of light. Then a steep, narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda and the light changed dramatically. All those windows let in a flood of sunshine and we could see out for miles across the flat land.
本段的寫法是由遠及近,從遠處(「from a distance」)寫起,然後「get closer」,再到(「ten feet away」),最後是「inside the pagoda」……當然,按位置遠近來寫不等於都是由遠及近。根據需要,也可以由近及遠,由表及裡等等。
C. 按邏輯關系排列(logical arrangement)
a. 按重要性順序排列(arrangement in order of importance)
If you work as a soda jerker, you will, of course, not need much skill in expressing yourself to be effective. If you work on a machine, your ability to express yourself will be of little importance. But as soon as you move one step up from the bottom, your effectiveness depends on your ability to reach others through the spoken or the written word. And the further away your job is from manual work, the larger the organization of which you are an employee, the more important it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in writing or speaking. In the very large business organization, whether it is the government, the large corporation, or the Army, this ability to express oneself is perhaps the most important of all the skills a man can possess.
這一段談的是表達能力,它的重要性與職業,身份有關,從「not need much skill」或「of little importance」到「more important」,最後是「most important」。
b.由一般到特殊排列(general-to-specific arrangement)
If a reader is lost, it is generally because the writer has not been careful enough to keep him on the path. This carelessness can take any number of forms. Perhaps a sentence is so excessively cluttered that the reader, hacking his way through the verbiage, simply doesn't know what it means. Perhaps a sentence has been so shoddily constructed that the reader could read it in any of several ways. Perhaps the writer has switched tenses, or has switched pronouns in mid-sentence, so the reader loses track of when the action took place or who is talking. Perhaps sentence B is not logical sequel to sentence A —— the writer, in whose head the connection is clear, has not bothered to provide the missing link. Perhaps the writer has used an important word incorrectly by not taking the trouble to look it up. He may think that "sanguine" and "sanguinary" mean the same thing, but the difference is a bloody big one. The reader can only infer what the writer is trying to imply.
這一段談的是a writer's carelessness,先給出一個general statement作為主題句,然後通過5個 」perhaps」加以例證。
c. 由特殊到一般排列(specific-to-general arrangement)
I do not understand why people confuse my Siamese cat, Prissy, with the one I had several years ago, Henry. The two cats are only alike in breed. Prissy, a quiet, feminine feline, loves me dearly but not possessively. She likes to keep her distance from people, exert her independence and is never so rude as to beg, lick, or sniff unceremoniously. Her usual posture is sitting upright, eyes closed, perfectly still. Prissy is a very proper cat. Henry, on the other hand, loved me dearly but possessively. He was my shadow from morning till night. He expected me to constantly entertain him. Henry never cared who saw him do anything, whether it was decorous or not, and he usually offended my friends in some way. The cat made himself quite comfortable, on the top of the television, across stranger's feet or laps, in beds, drawers, sacks, closets, or nooks. The difference between them is imperceptible to strangers.
本段的主題句是段首句,它僅提出一個問題:為什麼兩只貓會被搞混。然後對兩者進行比較,末句才下結論。
2)、形連
行文的邏輯性常常要靠適當的轉換詞語及其他手段來實現。請讀下面這一段文字並找出文中用以承上啟下的詞語:
Walter's goal in life was to become a successful surgeon. First, though, he had to get through high school, so he concentrated all his efforts on his studies —— in particular, biology, chemistry, and math. Because he worked constantly on these subjects, Walter became proficient in them; however, Walter forgot that he needed to master other subjects besides those he had chosen. As a result, ring his junior year of high school, Walter failed both English and Latin. Consequently, he had to repeat these subjects and he was almost unable to graate on schele. Finally, on June 6, Walter achieved the first step toward realizing his goal.
本文中起承上啟下的詞語有兩種,一種是轉換詞語(transitional words or phrases),另一種是起轉換作用的其他連接手段(linking devices)。前者依次有:first, though, so, in particular, and, because, however, besides, as a result, both…and, consequently, and, finally.後者依次是:he, he, his, his, he, these, them, he, those, his, he, these, his. 本段中共有詞彙105個,所使用的轉換詞語及其他連接用語共26個詞,約占該段總詞彙量的四分之一。由此可見,掌握好transitions不僅對行文的流(smoothness)有益,而且對於學生在半個小時內寫120個詞也是不無好處的。

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