以前腦死亡英語閱讀理解
⑴ 英語閱讀的文章的時候,有時難理解過去,比如說四級的閱讀題,一個句子看過去,似乎所以單詞都見過,但是
首先不能太糾結每個單詞意思,其次,建議學會斷句,呃,就是把每個從句分開來理解專,比如說把每個謂語屬動詞找出來斷句,或者是把每個連接詞找出來斷句,理解每一個小分句的意思再把它們聯起來理解。就是學習好句子的架構,主謂賓定狀補之類的東西,搞懂每一個分句在總句里的位置後面就容易理解多了。
最後還是要練習,學會取其精華,也就是一個句子其實你只需要看一部分詞語就足夠了,沒有必要認真研讀每一個單詞。另外時態在很多文章里其實不怎麼影響文章原意,比如說科學技術文,說明文,還有議論文,其實議論文,這一類的文章大多數時候都用過去式書寫,但對文章意思沒有影響。
最後希望你做閱讀的時候對文章的意思不要太吹毛求疵,而做翻譯的時候也可以用意譯。首先先去掉煩躁的心理,冷靜下來,一天一篇趣味讀物。其實我也是正在學英語,與君共勉吧。
⑵ 英語閱讀理解,答案和短文大概意思(不需要太詳細,大概就好)
閱讀材料:我們都知道上網時間太長會對健康產生不好的影響,因為長時間坐在電腦前會導致脖子和肩膀痛,我們的身體需要休息。但是你知道上網還會導致什麼其他的健康隱患嗎?
瑞士的一個人和他的團隊做了一個關於7200名年輕人使用網路情況的調查。調查結果顯示,上網時間太長或者太短都有可能會導致抑鬱(我並不這樣認為),這個瑞士人認為,每天上網超過兩小時就算是過量的上網。和有規律的上網的人相比,那種過量上網以及不怎麼上網的人更加傾向於意志消沉。這種消極的情緒對他們的健康顯然是有害的。
過度的上網意味著人們不願意麵對真實的世界。事實上,他們是孤獨的。而那種不怎麼上網的人也是孤獨的,因為現在的年輕人傾向於在網路上和別人保持聯系。(這一段就是解釋了一下為啥前面有這樣的論點)
所以你想成為上面所述的三種人的哪一種呢?或許你應該仔細想想。
題目:1. 這個研究者是來自哪個國家的?
2. 根據短文,什麼可能導致抑鬱?
A. 有規律的上網 B. 晚上上網 C. 和朋友在網上聊天 D. 不咋上網
3. balabalaba(看不清)
4. balabalaba(看不清)
5. 這篇文章的主旨大意是啥?
(看不清)
⑶ 這英語閱讀理解,誰能幫忙答一下,謝謝
答案及精解
36.【答案精解】D。判斷題。第一段的第二句話「A budget(預算)is a spending plan.It can help you spend money wisely.」預算幫助你聰明地花錢,也就是說理智地消費(spend money in a reasonable way)。
37.【答案精解】A。判斷題。第一段末尾句...preparing a budget takes planning,and following a budget takes will power,意思是,准備一項預算需要計劃,而執行(follow在這里是執行的意思)一項計劃則需要will power(意志力),也就是ability to control yourself控制自己的能力。
38.【答案精解】B。細節題。第五段講了Studying your records will show where overspending has occurred.It will also point out poor buying habits.消費紀錄可以找出哪裡超支了,或者可以發現一些不良購買習慣。所以B是正確答案。
39.【答案精解】C。細節題。從原文最後It is also a good idea to set aside a small amount of money for emergencies.Every family has small emergencies,可以知道,每個家庭都有有一些以意情況發生,所以有必要准備一小筆資金作為備用金。
40.【答案精解】C。主旨題。本文從預算的作用開始引入,到第二段開始分步驟地介紹了進行預算的方式,主要講的是進行預算的方法問題。
⑷ 英語閱讀理解 兩道題
22.D 25.D 課文裡面都給了
⑸ 英語閱讀理解
想要學好英語,就得學好英語閱讀理解,閱讀理解在英語中占的分值很大。而想要學好英語閱讀理解就要培養對它的興趣,興趣是基礎是前提更是保障。只有有了興趣,才會想著去學習,去做題。但是光有興趣是不夠的,還要去培養閱讀理解力,擁有好的方法,這里總結的四個方法,能有效提高閱讀能力,增分效果明顯,也是大家都在用的好方法。 1、了解文章main idea(主要意思)。做英語閱讀理解就好像做語文閱讀理解時一樣,要知道這篇文章的主旨或者說是中心思想,對文章所講的主旨內容和它的中心思想做到心裡有數。達到一種高度——只要一做英語閱讀理解題,腦子里就要條件反射的蹦出main idea,然後再去閱讀問題和文章。 2、先看問題,再粗讀文章。帶著尋找main idea的思想,先去看一遍問題,把問題中的關鍵詞圈出來,然後再去粗略的讀一遍文章。在讀的時候,不用做到每個單詞都看懂,每句話都能翻譯出來。只要對文章大致上有一個了解就夠了,這樣文章的main idea也就出來了。 要注意的是,在讀到覺得跟所問問題有關聯的句子的時候,可以先用筆把句子勾出來,在上邊標記上有關聯的問題的題號,然後接著往下讀。 3、精讀問題和所標記的句子。讀完通篇的同時,也把跟問題有關的的句子畫出來了,這個時候再去精讀標記的句子,仔細研究問題和跟問題有關的句子,琢磨其意思,盡量做到胸有成竹,然後再回答每一個問題。 4、靜下心來做題,合理安排時間。初中閱讀理解所問的問題一般跟文章中的原話相差無幾,有時候會同義詞轉換一下,或者因果顛倒。只要打好基礎,認得一篇文章中百分之七十到八十的英語單詞,基本上就能做對題。在做題的時候,合理分配做題時間,一篇閱讀理解最多不能超過二十分鍾。 四個方法,涵蓋提高閱讀能力的多個方面,做到的都能明顯提高成績,但是貴在堅持,堅持才會有效果。除此之外,做題盡量找一個安靜的環境,讓自己在單詞的海洋里沉下去,仔細扎實的審題。多練習,貴在掌握了方法之後多堅持,持之以恆,不懈努力。做到以上這些,英語閱讀理解也就能被你玩轉手心了,最終一定會有一個好的成績來作為回報!
⑹ 英語閱讀理解
首先了解文章的來大意,理解文章的源邏輯關系,主語和動詞,這是最基本也是最關鍵的,如果遇到不認識的詞猜一猜,猜錯了沒關系,符合邏輯就行,主人是誰,幹了什麼 什麼對象。然後再來弄清楚文中的介詞等語法知識,最後看完全文後猜不出來的單詞,進行查字典,聲音和詞義(一詞一義),還要造句,造句才能和你大腦當中的那些老知識聯系起來,這樣幾乎就不會忘了。
⑺ 英語閱讀理解 請高手幫忙啊!~急
1.D我們可以知道發明這些機器得科學家有很強的能力 2.B他們沒有完全弄懂電腦 3.A電腦可以被人們所控制
⑻ 05年碩士研究生入學考試英語閱讀理解試題譯文
Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as 「all too human」, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it all too monkey, as well.
The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food tardily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of 「goods and services」 than males.
Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de waal's; study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers) So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber . Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to rece resentment in a female capuchin.
The researches suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions, in the wild, they are a co-operative, groupliving species, Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone, Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems form the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
人人都喜歡大幅加薪,但是當你知道一個同事薪水加得比你還要多的時候,那麼加薪帶給你的喜悅感就消失的無影無蹤了。如果他還以懶散出名的話,你甚至會變得怒不可遏。這種行為被看作是「人之長情」,其潛在的假定其他動物不可能具有如此高度發達的不公平意識。但是由喬治亞州亞特蘭大埃里莫大學的Sarah Brosnan 和Frans de Waal進行的一項研究表明,它也是「猴之常情」。這項研究成果剛剛發表在《自然》雜志上。
研究者們對雌性棕色卷尾猴的行為進行了研究。它們看起來很可愛,性格溫順,合作,樂於分享食物。最重要的是,就象女人們一樣,它們往往比雄性更關注「商品和服務」價值。這些特性使它們成為Brosnan 和 de Waal理想的研究對象。研究者們花了兩年的時間教這些猴子用代幣換取食物。正常情況下,猴子很願意用幾塊石頭換幾片黃瓜。但是,當兩個猴子被安置在隔開但相鄰的兩個房間里,能夠互相看見對方用石頭換回來什麼東西時,猴子的行為就會變的明顯不同。
在卷尾猴的世界裡,葡萄是奢侈品(比黃瓜受歡迎得多)。所以當一隻猴子用一個代幣換回一顆葡萄時,第二隻猴子就不願意用自己的代幣換回一片黃瓜。如果一隻猴子根本無需用代幣就能夠得到一顆葡萄的話,那麼另外一隻就會將代幣擲向研究人員或者扔出房間外,或者拒絕接受那片黃瓜。事實上,只要在另一房間里出現了葡萄(不管有沒有猴子吃它),都足以引起雌卷尾猴的怨恨。
研究人員指出,正如人類一樣,卷尾猴也受社會情感的影響。在野外,它們是相互合作的群居動物。只有當每隻猴子感到自己沒有受到欺騙時,這種合作才可能穩定。不公平而引起的憤怒感似乎不是人類的專利。拒絕接受較少的酬勞可以讓這些情緒准確無誤地傳達給其它成員。但是這種公平感是在卷尾猴和人類身上各自獨立演化而成,還是來自三千五百萬前他們共同的祖先,這還是一個懸而未決的問題。
Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.
There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel's report 「Science never has all the answers .But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that out nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.」
Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.
Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it's obvious that a majority of the president's advisers still don't take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research-a classic case of 「paralysis by analysis」.
To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won't take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures .A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private instry is a promising start Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.
還記得科學家們認為吸煙會致人死亡,而那些懷疑者們卻堅持認為我們無法對此得出定論的時候嗎?還記得懷疑者們堅持認為缺乏決定性的證據,科學也不確定的時候嗎?還記得懷疑者們堅持認為反對吸煙的游說是為了毀掉我們的生活方式,而政府應該置身事外的時候嗎?許多美國人相信了這些胡言亂語,在三十多年中,差不多有一千萬煙民早早的進了墳墓。
現在出現了與吸煙類似的令人感到難過的事情。科學家們前仆後繼,試圖使我們意識到全球氣候變暖所帶來的日益嚴重的威脅。最近的行動是由白宮召集了一批來自國家科學院的專家團,他們告訴我們,地球氣候毫無疑問正在變暖,而這個問題主要是人為造成的。明確的信息表明是我們應該立刻著手保護自己。國家科學院院長Bruce Alberts在專家團報告的前言中加上了這一重要觀點:「科學解答不了所有問題。但是科學確實為我們的未來提供了最好的指導,關鍵是我們的國家和整個的世界在做重要決策時,應該以科學能夠提供的關於人類現在的行為對未來影響最好的判斷作為依據。
就象吸煙問題一樣,來自不同領域的聲音堅持認為有關全球變暖的科學資料還不完整。在我們證實這件事之前可以向大氣中不斷的排放氣體。這是一個危險的游戲;到了有百分之百的證據的時候,可能就太晚了。隨著風險越來越明顯,並且不斷增加,一個謹慎的民族現在應該准備一份保單了。
幸運的是,白宮開始關注這件事了。但是顯然大多數總統顧問並沒有認真看待全球氣候變暖這個問題。他們沒有出台行動計劃,相反只是繼續迫切要求進行更多的研究――這是一個經典的「分析導致麻痹案例」。
為了成為地球上有責任心的一員,我們必須積極推進對於大氣和海洋的深入研究。但只有研究是不夠的。如果政府不爭取立法上的主動權,國會就應該幫助政府開始採取保護措施。弗吉尼亞的民主黨議員Robert Byrd提出一項議案,從經濟上激勵私企,就是一個良好的開端。許多人看到這個國家正准備修建許多新的發電廠,以滿足我們的能源需求。如果我們准備保護大氣,關鍵要讓這些新發電廠對環境無害。
Of all the components of a good night's sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and rears, by the late 1970s. neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just 「mental noise」 the random byprocts of the neural-repair work that goes on ring sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is 「off-line」. And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. 「It's your dream」 says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago's Medical Center. 「If you don't like it , change it.」
Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active ring REM (rapid eye movement) sleep-when most vivid dreams occur-as it is when fully awake, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved, the limbic system (the 「emotional brain」)is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. 「We wake up from dreams happy of depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day」 says Stanford sleep researcher Dr, William Dement.
The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright』s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated ring the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don』t always think about the emotional significance of the day』s events-until, it appears, we begin to dream.
And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead, the next time is occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.
At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping of 「we wake u in a panic,」 Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep-or rather dream-on it and you'll feel better in the morning.
在高質量睡眠的所有因素中,夢似乎是最無法控制的一個。在夢中,窗戶通向的世界裡,邏輯暫時失去了效用,死人開口說話。一個世紀前,弗洛伊德闡述了革命性的理論,即夢是人們潛意識中慾望和恐懼經偽裝後的預示;到了20世紀70年代末期,神經病學家們轉而認為夢是「精神噪音」,即睡眠時進行的神經修復活動的一種雜亂的副產品。目前,研究人員猜想夢是大腦情感自動調節系統的組成部分,當大腦處於「掉線」狀態時對情緒進行規整。一名主要的權威人士說,夢這種異常強烈的精神活動不僅能被駕馭,事實上還可以有意識地加以控制,以幫助我們更好地睡眠和感覺。芝加哥醫療中心心裡學系主任 Rosalind Cartwright說「夢是你自己的,如果你不喜歡,就改變它。」
大腦造影的證據支持了以上觀點。匹茲堡大學的埃里克博士說,在出現清晰夢境的快速動眼睡眠中大腦和完全清醒時一樣活躍。但並非大腦的所有部分都一樣,腦邊緣系統(「情緒大腦」)異常活躍,而前額皮層(思維和推理的中心地帶)則相對平靜大。斯坦福睡眠研究員William Dement博士說:「我們從夢中醒來,或者高興或者沮喪,這些情緒會伴隨我們一整天。」
夢和情緒之間的聯系在Cartwright的診所的病人身上顯露出來了。多數人似乎在晚上入睡的較早階段做更多不好的夢,而在快睡醒前會逐漸做開心一些的夢,這說明人們在夢里漸漸克服了白天的不良情緒。因為清醒時我們的頭腦被日常瑣事占據著,所以並不總是想到白天發生的事情對我們情緒的影響,直到我們開始做夢,這種影響才出現。
這一過程不一定是無意識的。Cartwright認為人們可以練習有意識地控制噩夢的重演。你一醒來就立刻確定夢中有什麼在困擾你,設想一下你所希望的夢的結局,下次再做同樣的夢時,試圖醒來以控制它的進程。通過多次練習,人們完全可以學會在夢中這樣做。
Cartwright說,說到底,只要夢不使我們無法睡眠或「從夢中驚醒」,就沒有理由太在意所做的夢。恐怖主義、經濟不確定及通常的不安全感都增加了人們的焦慮。那些長期受到噩夢折磨的人應該尋求專家幫助,而對其他人來說,大腦有自動消除不良情緒的方法。安心睡覺甚至做夢,早上醒來時你會感覺好多了。
American no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing:The Degradation of language and Music and why we should like, care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.
Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in ecation. Mr.McWhorter』s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the graal disappearance of 「whom」 ,for example, to be natural and no more regranttable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.
But the cult of the authentic and the personal, 「doing our own thing」, has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly ecated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.
Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas .He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.
Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical ecation reforms-he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English 「on paper plates instead of china」. A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.
美國人已不再期待公眾人物在演講或寫作中能運用技巧和文采來駕馭英語,而公眾人物自己也不渴望這樣。語言學家麥荷特喜好爭論,他的觀點混雜著自由派與保守派的看法。在他最近的書《做我們自己的事:語言和音樂的退化,以及為什麼我們應該喜歡或在意?》中,這位學者認為60年代反文化運動的勝利要對正式英語的退化負責。
責備放縱的六十年代不是什麼新鮮事,但這次算不上是對教育衰落的又一場批判。麥荷特先生的學術專長在於語言史和語言演變。舉例來說,他認為「whom」一詞的逐漸消失是自然的,並不比古英語中詞格尾綴的消失更讓人惋惜。
然而,「做自己的事」這一對事務真實性和個人性的崇高信條,已經導致了正式演講、寫作、詩歌及音樂的消亡。在20世紀60年代以前,僅受過一般教育的人在下筆時都會尋求一種更高雅的強調;而那之後,即使是最受關注的文章也開始逮住口語就寫在紙面上。同樣的,對於詩歌來說,非常個性化和富有表現力的創作風格成為了能夠表達真實生動含義的唯一形式。無論作為口語還是書面語的英語,隨意言談勝過雅緻的言辭,自我發揮也壓過了精心准備。
麥荷特顯示先生從上層和下層文化中列舉了一系列有趣的例子,從而說明他記錄的這種趨勢是確鑿無誤的。但就書中副標題中的疑問:為什麼我們應該、喜歡或在意,答案卻不夠明確。作為語言學家,麥荷特認為各種各樣的人類語言,包括像黑人語言這樣的非標准語言,都具有強大的表達力――世上沒有傳達不了復雜思想的語言或方言。不像其他大多數人,麥荷特先生並不認為我們說話方式不再規范就會使我們不能夠准確的思考。
俄羅斯人深愛自己的語言,並在腦海中存儲了大量詩歌;而義大利的政客們往往精心准備演講,即使這在大多數講英語的人們眼裡已經過時。麥荷特先生認為正式語言並非不可或缺,也沒有提出要進行徹底的教育改革――他其實只是為那些美好事務而不是實用品的消逝而哀嘆。我們現在用「紙盤子」而非「瓷盤子」裝著我們的英語大餐。真是慚愧啊,但很可能已無法避免。
⑼ 2013江蘇卷英語閱讀理解C篇人工翻譯
如果潛水員上浮速度過快,很可能導致減壓病的發生。急速上浮過程由於氣壓降低會帶來血液中溶解氮含量的突然釋放,其結果是,如果氣泡在關節處聚集,會產生劇痛及身體痙攣--減壓病故此得名。如果氣泡聚集在肺部或者大腦,或造成死亡。
其他呼吸空氣的物種——例如鯨——上浮過快時也會患這種減壓病。很久以前的魚龍也是如此。人們可以從它們的骨骼看出這些與恐龍同存於中生代的海洋爬行動物患有該病。但因為並非所有魚龍都有畸變,所以人們也看到了一種新奇的進化現象。
骨頭是活著的組織,在骨頭內形成的氮氣氣泡會切斷血液供應。這就會殺死骨頭內的細胞,削弱骨骼強度,有時甚至可令其破碎。自發凹陷的骨骼的化石似乎說明該動物生前患有減壓病。為搞清當年這種疾病的流行程度,堪薩斯大學(University of Kansas)的布魯斯?羅斯采爾(Bruce Rothschild)開始研究魚龍骨骼;當時他完全知道上述情況。和鯨一樣,魚龍也是從陸地遷往海洋的。羅斯采爾德特別希望弄明白,它們在遨遊大洋的1億5千萬年中是如何應對這一減壓問題的。為此他與他的同事們走遍了世界各地的自然歷史博物館,總共考察了三疊紀(兩億五千萬到兩億年前)的116隻魚龍,還有後來的侏羅紀和白堊紀(分別為2億至1億4千500萬年前和1億4千500萬至6500萬年前)的190隻魚龍。
他在研究開始時假定,化石越年輕,其中有減壓病症狀的骨骼就會越少,因為它們逐步進化,形成了對付減壓病的機能。許多鯨就是這樣,通過進化,它們能在血液中儲存大量氧氣。然而情況完全相反,這讓他非常吃驚。侏羅紀和白堊紀魚龍生前患有減壓病的比例超過15%,但完全沒有三疊紀魚龍罹患該症的證據。
如果魚龍確曾進化得到了一種抗減壓病的機能,那麼這種進化一定發展得很快;但最為奇特的是,它們後來卻失去了這一機能。不過羅斯丘爾德認為,實際情況並非如此。他在《自然科學》期刊Naturwissenschaften)上撰文解釋了自己的觀點,認為這一變化是其他物種的進化造成的。
鯨類時常因逃避大型鯊魚等捕食者的追捕急速上浮而患減壓病。存在大量大型鯊魚和龐大的海生鱷魚是侏羅紀大洋的一個特點。這些大型生物都喜歡捕食魚龍。相反三疊紀大洋中卻不存在鯊魚與鱷魚,因而是魚龍的溫馨家園。它們因此位於三疊紀大洋食物鏈的頂端。而在侏羅紀與白堊紀中它們既是捕食者也是被捕食者,所以時常需要急速逃命。
不知道是不是這篇呢,親?
⑽ 【英語閱讀理解】
AACD... 我也正好做到這一篇- -。