初中英语名著阅读校本课总结

㈠ 英语名著读后感200 《初中》

范文（1）《钢铁是怎样炼成的》
汉语：每个人都有童年，并且每个人的童年是不同的，但是，我们每个人的童年有高尔基那么贫苦吗？不，我们没有，我们在家里是独生子，是父母亲的掌上明珠。高尔基的童年没有我们幸福，家庭也没有我们美满。
高尔基从7岁起就没有了爸爸，跟着妈妈和年迈的奶奶生活，别的小孩都有新衣服，就他没有，他有的就只有几件打满补丁的衣服和一个书包。然而，他没有埋怨妈妈，而是更努力得读书，准备孝敬辛苦的妈妈。
童年这本书记载了高尔基儿时的一些故事，中间还夹着一点点的苦涩，还夹着做人的道理： 高尔基在这样艰苦的环境下也能成才，真让我佩服。
高尔基在小的时候就非常喜欢数学。 在一节数学课上，老师出了一个题目考在班上的同学，题目是：“1+2+3+4+……+100=？”这可为难了很多同学，他们一个个都很着急，只有高尔基算出来了，等于5050。从此，老师不会再因为他们家穷而瞧不起他们，而是觉得他很有数学天赋。
我们要向高尔基学习，孔子说得好：“见贤思其焉。”
英文：Everyone has their childhood, and each person's childhood is different, but each of us has a childhood Gorky do so poor? No, we do not, we are at home, the only son, is the daughter of parents. Gorky's childhood without us happy, happy families without us.
Gorky from the age of 7, there is no father, her mother and old grandmother lives, other children have new clothes, he had not, he and some only a few patched clothes and a bag. However, he did not complain about his mother, but more efforts have to study hard to prepare honor mothers.
This book documented childhood Gorky childhood stories, in the middle is also tucked a little bitter, but also tucked the truth in life: Gorky in such difficult circumstances can be taught, much to my admiration.
Golgi in a small time is extremely enthusiastic about math. In a math class, the teacher out of a subject test students in class, entitled: "1 +2 +3 +4 + ... ... +100 =?" This can be difficult for a lot of classmates, one by one they are hurry, only the Golgi calculated, and is equal to 5050. Since then, the teacher no longer is because they are poor and look down on them, but feel that he is very mathematical talent.
We would like to Golgi study, Confucius said it well: "think of the Yan Jian Xian."

（2）《钢铁是怎样炼成的》
汉语：说到《钢铁是怎样炼成的》这本书,想必大家对它并不陌生吧!书里讲了一位坚强,勇敢的主人公保尔·柯察金.
读了《钢铁是怎样炼成的》这本书后,我领悟到:一个人的毅力对他的一生是有很大影响的.就说这本书中的主人公保尔·柯察金吧,他的一生非常坎坷,然而他凭什么使自己继续活下去呢 是毅力.毅力给了他无穷的力量,老天也使他有了三次生命.自从认识水兵朱赫来以来,他的心被共产党吸引住了.经过几番波折,他终于如愿以偿,成为了一名共产党员.他出生入死,英勇杀敌.在战争中他也受了不少伤.最严重的一次就是被弹片击中头部,死里逃生.痊愈后,保尔没有忘记党,拿起新的武器,重返战斗队伍,开始了新的生活!
他十几岁就立足杀场,英勇杀敌,热爱祖国,在战场上,他被砍了好几刀都大难不死,为什么 仍然是毅力.年轻的他后来疾病缠身,但他仍不停地忘我工作,有休假疗伤的机会他也不愿意放弃工作,毅力真是一种锲而不舍的精神啊!
这是一个感人的故事,我的心好象在水里扔下了一块大石头,久久不能平静.我佩服保尔·柯察金那种勇敢,百折不挠的精神.讨厌故事里维可外多那种小贵族.保尔·柯察金的影子时时在我的脑子里浮现,鼓励我要像像他一样做一个坚强,勇敢的人.
生活在和平年代的我们,生活中一点小小的困难没什么大不了,只要勇敢地去面对,等事情一过,你会发觉,原来自己是有毅力的.保尔·柯察金的精神,永远值得我学习.
英文：Talking about "How the Steel Was Tempered" This book, surely it is no stranger to everyone bar! Book talked about a strong, brave hero Pavel Korchagin.
Read the "How the Steel Was Tempered" This book I learned that: a person's perseverance in his life is very much affected. Say that this book hero Pavel Korchagin, he's life is very rough, but he himself continues to live on what basis it is perseverance. perseverance gave him infinite power, God also gave him three life. Zhuhe Lai has been since the understanding of the sailors, and his heart was the Communist Party attracted lived. After a series of twists and turns, he finally got his wish, becoming a Communist. he go through fire and heroically fighting the enemy. in the war, he also affected a lot of injuries. The most serious one is hit in the head by shrapnel,
Survived. Healed, Paul did not forget the party, pick up new weapons and return to the fighting team, started a new life!
He was a teenager killed on the base field,'s fighting, love the motherland, and on the battlefield, he cut down several knives have survived, why is still perseverance. Young, he was sick, but he still kept ecstasy work, leave the opportunity to heal, he is not willing to give up work, persistence and perseverance is really a kind of ah!
This is a touching story, my heart dropped in the water as if a big rock, a long time can not be calm. I admire Pavel Korchagin kind of courage and indomitable spirit. Hated the story outside the multi-dimensional and that kinds of small aristocracy. Pavel Korchagin's shadow in my mind from time to time emerge, encouraged me to do like him as a strong, courageous person.
We live in a peaceful era, the difficulties in life a little is no big deal, as long as courage to face up to such things as one-off, you will soon find out that he has the perseverance. Pavel Korchagin spirit, always worthy of my learning.
（3）《鲁宾逊漂流记》
汉语：在漫长的人生道路上，有着很多的困难险阻，也有许多磨难与坎坷会阻挡自己的脚步，使自己不能前进，如果永不放弃任何事物都会被你自己征服。
古人云：骐骥一跃，不能十步；怒马十驾，功在不舍。锲而舍之，朽木不折；锲而不舍，金石可镂。
不知不觉中，眼前突然出现一片汪洋大海，远处有一座孤僻的小岛，在静静的小岛中，只有鸟儿在歌唱，山羊在奔翔，树木在生长，花儿在吐露着芬芳。渐渐地，波涛汹涌地海面上，出现了一叶扁舟，划行着，狂风把他的船掀翻，只有他一个人漂流到这座荒芜人烟的小岛上。
这个撑舵之人就是听过作家笛福笔下的《鲁滨逊漂流记》中的主人公——鲁滨逊。
他一个人在这僻静小岛上顽强生活，有一种声音一直在脑海里不停地回荡着：“放弃吧，这样生活着有什么意义？不会有人来救你的。”但坚持的信念很快打败了这种想法。鲁滨逊坚持着，将面临的困难一个个消灭，最后终于得到了回到文明社会的机会。
其实，我们也应该这样，遇到坎坷，应该去克服，永不放弃，这样，兴许会使自己变得更坚强更勇敢。永不放弃，坚持不懈，这样才能获得光明获得成功。
相信我吧，坚持到底，奋斗到底，只要如此，胜利才会属于你的。因为，坚持到底，奋斗一生的宝葫芦，他会帮助你走过一生的
英语：In the long road of life, has a lot of difficulties and obstacles, there are many hardships and frustrations would block their own pace, so that they can not move forward and never give up anything if you will be conquered.
Ancient saying goes: steed leap, not 10 steps; 10 angry horse riding, and the credit in dismay. Wedge and the homes of, dead wood is not folded; perseverance, stone can be Lou.
Unconsciously, the sudden appearance of a sea of eyes, the distance a lonely island, in the quiet of the island, only the birds singing, goats Ben Xiang, trees grow, the fragrant flowers in the reveal . Graally, the rough to the sea, there has been a leaf boat paddle with a strong wind overturned his boat, and only one who drifted into this deserted island.
The helm, the person is listening to pen writer Daniel Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" in the hero - Robinson.
He was a quiet island in this tough life, there has been a voice kept reverberating in my mind with: "drop the idea, so what is the meaning of life? No one will rescue you." But insisted that the belief is Express defeated the idea. Robinson persisted, will eliminate the difficulties one by one and finally got the opportunity to return to civilized society.
In fact, we should do encounter ups and downs, it should be to overcome, never give up, so that xing XU make their own to become stronger and more daring. Never give up, persevere, in order to obtain a bright success.
Believe me, insisted in the end, struggle in the end, if so, victory will belong to you. Because, persist in the end, the struggle of the Magic Gourd life, he will help you through life's

（4）《格列佛游记》
汉语：当我翻开了《格列佛游记》时我立刻就被眼前的目录所吸引了：小人国历险、大人国历险、会飞的国家……这些字眼似乎被作者施加了魔力，我一看到这些就想快点往下看，想快点了解怎么会有小人国和大人国，国家又怎么会飞。带着这些疑问我认真地读起了第一章。
这本书讲的是格列佛以海上医生的身份随同一艘船出海航行，后遭遇风暴孤身一人涉险了一些神奇的国家，最后终于回到了自己的国家的事情。情节曲折、玄妙，又不乏幽默。把格列佛的历险写的栩栩如生，有趣极了。与其说是“格列佛游记”倒不如说成是“我与格列佛的游记”呢，因为我在阅读这本书时几乎入迷了，好像就是我和他一起历险一样。但是我又从心里佩服他的机智勇敢，他总是给我一中“逆境丛生”的感觉，这点就是他历尽艰险后从新踏上自己的国土的主要原因，所以我坚决要向他学习这种精神，否则的话，若我以后遇到这种事情的话说不定早已经一命呜呼了呢！
这本书实在是太好看了，使得我读了几遍了还是觉的没看够，它实在太有趣了，我十分喜欢《格列佛游记》的这本书。怎么样？听了我的介绍你是不是有心动的呢？那就快读一读这本书吧！记住噢，它的名字叫做《格列佛游记》！
英文：When I opened the "Gulliver's Travels," when I was immediately attracted to the immediate directory: the Adventure Lilliput, Brobdingnag adventure, fly in the country ... ... these words seemed to be imposed by magic, I saw wanted to quickly look down to those want to learn how quickly will Lilliput and Brobdingnag, the state, how to fly. With these questions I am seriously starting to read the first chapter.
This book stresses the Gulliver to the sea in his capacity as a doctor along with a boat out to sea sailing alone, after the storm hit scraped some magic country, and finally returned to their country thing. The plot twists and turns, abstruse, but also no shortage of humor. Gulliver's adventures to write vivid, very interesting. Not so much a "Gulliver's Travels" We could say was "I Gulliver's Travels" then, because I read this book almost fascinated, as if that is the same as my adventures with him. But I admire his wit and from heart courageous, he always gave me one of "adversity have arisen" feeling,
That is why he was passing through numerous re-embark on their own territory after the main reasons why I strongly would like to learn from him this spirit, otherwise, if I come across such things, then it might already kick in. the!
This book is good read, made me read a few times, or perception of the not seen enough, it was too funny, and I very much like "Gulliver's Travels" in this book. How like? You have heard my presentation is not a cardiogram it? Then this book a quick read! Keep in mind Oh, its name is called "Gulliver's Travels"!

㈡ 初中英语名著.

1.弗兰肯斯坦
2.潘德尔的巫师
3.秘密花园
4.在月亮下面
5.白色死亡
6.亡灵岛
7.象人
8.快乐王子
9.讲故事的人
10.威廉·莎士比亚

㈢ 英语名著读后感（初中水平的）

This summer holiday,I made a good friend --- Robinson though ‘ROBINSON CRUSOE’. ‘ROBINSON CRUSOE’is a classical masterpiece which attracted me very much,and brought me much enlightenmet.I really lerned a lot of things from the eternal opus.

The ‘ROBINSON CRUSOE’have been authored by famouse English writer---Defoe. It’s about dramatis personae Robinson who met a frightful wind while he sailed on the sea. He was the only survinal, but he drifted to a uninhabited island. He bravely struggled, instriously worked and combated with barbarians. Robinson lived alone on the island for 28 years. He experienced many difficulties and dangers.

Robinson was a great person, he conquered countless and unimaginable hardships. If I stayed on a lonely island, I absolutely couldn’t vanquish dangers. I maybe would lose confidence for life. I respect Robinson very much, he is a real hero in my heart.

He lived on the island for about 30 years without any food, tool or habitation. He must depend by himself. Robinson wasn’t afraid of hardships, he had the fortitude spirit .He was brave in adventure and was good at labor. He used his head and hands to struggle all the time. I admire his courge very much, because these were not easy, work at all.

In fact, we also need the spirit of being undefeatalle indefatigable

Like Robinson. If we believe in ourselves, never give up and do we best, we must be successful!

Robinson was a great miracle, he achieved mumerous. ‘impossible things’. ‘Robinson Crusoe’ was an immortal novel, because it gave us a courageous, intrepidity, diligent, indefatigable and wise ordinany person, a vanquish nature, a hero who exploited nature. The book is a really excellent adventuresome novel,

There is no perfect life in the world, but we can change our fate. If we have confidences and work hard, we absolute will be victorious, and the most important thing is ‘Never give up!

Jane Eyre — A Beautiful Soul（简爱）
Jane Eyre, is a poor but aspiring, small in body but huge in soul, obscure but self-respecting girl. After we close the covers of the book, after having a long journey of the spirit, Jane Eyre, a marvelous figure, has left us so much to recall and to think:

We remember her goodness: for someone who lost arms and blinded in eyes, for someone who despised her for her ordinariness, and even for someone who had hurt her deeply in the past.

We remember her pursuit of justice. It’s like a companion with the goodness. But still, a virtuous person should promote the goodness on one side and must check the badness on the other side.

We remember her self-respect and the clear situation on equality. In her opinion, everyone is the same at the God’s feet. Though there are differences in status、in property and also in appearance, but all the human being are equal in personality.

We also remember her striving for life, her toughness and her confidence…

When we think of this girl, what she gave us was not a pretty face or a transcendent temperament that make us admire deeply, but a huge charm of her personality.

Her story makes us thinking about life and we learn much from her experience, at least, that is a fresh new recognition of the real beauty.

Learn to love and care（雾都孤儿）
Here I am sitting on a couch alone, thinking about what I have just finished reading with tears of sadness filling my eyes and fire of indignation filling my heart, which revived my exhausted soul that has already been covered by the cruelty and the selfishness of the secular world for a long time. It is truly what I felt after reading Oliver Twist, written by the prominent British author Charles Dickens.

The resonance between me and the book makes me feel not only the kindness and the wickedness of all the characters in the novel, but what this aloof society lacks, and what I lack deep inside. These supreme resources I’m talking about right now are somewhat different from minerals, oil that we usually mention. They’re abstract like feelings, and some kinds of spiritual stimulation that all of us desire anxiously from one another —— love and care.

Those charitable figures whom Dickens created in the novel are really what we need in life. They showed love and care to others, just as the gentle rain from the sky fell upon the earth, which was carved into my heart deeply.
Mr. Brownlow is one such person.

The other day he had one of his elaborate watches stolen by two skilled teenage thieves, Artful Dodger and Charley Bates, and thought naturally it was Oliver, who was an orphan and forced to live with a gang of thieves, that had done it because he was the only one near by after the theft had taken place. Being wrathful, he caught Oliver, and sent him to the police station where the ill-tempered, unfair magistrates worked. Fortunately for him, Oliver was proved innocent by one onlooker afterwards. With sympathy, Mr. Brownlow took the injured, poor Oliver to his own home. There Oliver lived freely and gleefully for some months as if he were Mr. Brownlow’s own son. One day, however, Mr. Brownlow asked Oliver to return some books to the bookseller and to send some money for the new books that he had already collected. The thief Oliver once stayed with kidnapped him. After that he disappeared in Mr. Brownlow’s life. Searching for a while, Mr. Brownlow had to believe the fact that he had run away with his money. But dramatically, they came across each other again a few years later. Without hesitation, Mr. Brownlow took Oliver home for the second time not caring if he had done something evil.

Perhaps most of us would feel confused about Mr. Brownlow’s reaction. But as a matter of fact, this is just the lesson we should learn from him. Jesus said in the Bible. “Forgive not seven times, but seventy-times seven.” Why is that? Because forgiveness is our ability to remove negative thoughts and neutralize them so our energy may be spent on doing what we came here for. We cannot move forward in our future if past issues cloud our thinking. Stop put Mr. Brownlow into the list of your models. Always give people a second chance no matter what they might have done. That’s also a substantial part of loving and caring others.

Charles Dickens said:“Love makes the world go around.” These immortal words have inspired and will keep on inspiring us to chant the melody of love and to say the prayer of care forevermore. Let us, therefore, enjoy life and treat other people lovingly. These principles are the roots and foundations of beliefs supporting this article and our mission together.

Pride and Prejudice （傲慢与偏见）

Many people simply regard Pride and Prejudice as a love story, but in my opinion, this book is an illustration of the society at that time. She perfectly reflected the relation between money and marriage at her time and gave the people in her works vivid characters.
The characters have their own personalities. Mrs. Bennet is a woman who makes great efforts to marry off her daughters. Mr. Bingley is a friendly young man, but his friend, Mr. Darcy, is a very proud man who seems to always feel superior. Even the five daughters in Bennet family are very different. Jane is simple, innocent and never speaks evil of others. Elizabeth is a clever girl who always has her own opinion. Mary likes reading classic books. (Actually she is a pedant.) Kitty doesn’t have her own opinion but likes to follow her sister, Lydia. Lydia is a girl who follows exotic things, handsome man, and is somehow a little profligate. When I read the book, I can always find the same personalities in the society now. That is why I think this book is indeed the representative of the society in Britain in the 18th century.

The family of gentleman in the countryside is Jane Austen’s favourite topic. But this little topic can reflect big problems. It concludes the stratum situation and economic relationships in Britain in her century. You can find these from the very beginning of this book.

Austen left this problem for us to think. The genius of Jane Austen lies in this perfect simplicity, the simplicity that reflects big problems. Although Austen was only 21 when she wrote “Pride and Prejudice”, her sharp observation of social lives makes the style of this book surprisingly mature and lively. The plots in her works are always very natural. The development of the plot is as inevitable as a problem in mathematics. I think the depth of Pride and Prejudice is the reason that makes this book prominent and classic. Today, her book still can be the guide telling us the economic relationships both at her time and in modern time.

Leave Dead Man Island（亡灵岛）

Carol was once a happy and sunshiny girl. But after her father died in a plane crash, she became bad and took drugs. She had secrets in her heart and didn’t want others to know them. When Carol went to an island, she found the host had a bigger secret than hers: he had killed a girl in a car crash. So he needed an island to hide himself.
This is the story in Dead Man’s Island.

I think everybody has done something wrong and wants to keep the secrets in his or her heart. But do you know, even if we can escape from others’ eyes, we can’t escape from our own hearts.
I had been told a story like this: A woman felt ill and she went to see a doctor. The doctor examined her carefully and told the woman, ‘There is a tumor in your uterus. You’d better take an operation immediately.’ The woman agreed.

When the doctor cut open the woman’s abdomen, he got such a big surprise—there was a baby in the uterus, not a tumor. The doctor was sweating all over.

‘What to do? Take out the baby, or told the woman’s husband that it was just a tumor?’ ‘But … I am a doctor!’ He thought.

At last, the doctor sewed up the woman’s abdomen. When he told the woman’s husband the truth, the man didn’t move for a while. But then, the man jumped to the doctor, shouting at him. He was so angry and wanted to hit the doctor.
After the accident, a friend of the doctor’s asked him ‘Why did you do so? If you took out the baby, no one knows.’
‘But I know!’ said the doctor.

I have a very similar experience. That was a Monday, I was cleaning the classroom after school. John, my friend came up to me. He was looking for my maths teacher. But the teacher had been after work. So I told John to come again the next day. I said to myself, if I met the maths teacher, I would tell him that John had been looking for him.

When I was on my way home, I just looked at the ground, thinking about something. At that moment, my maths teacher came towards me and passed by. When I realized that, it was too late. The teacher had gone far away.

At night, when I was lying on the bed, my brain was full of the thing happened in the afternoon. The next day, John would find the maths teacher and not think about me, just as nothing happened. But I felt sorry for John. I wanted to do something for him, but I didn’t. Nobody knew what my idea was, but I knew.

Many things like the dead man on the island. After the crash, he made himself ‘dead’ and hid on the island. Maybe, he made others forget the crash, forget himself, but he couldn’t forget. He always felt remorseful and locked himself in his heart house.

What others think is not important, we should listen to ourselves.

I think every one may face sad things, like relatives’ death, missing the good high school, losing your best friends. Sometimes we feel cross and often ask ‘Why does the God do this to me?’

To let oneself feel better, we maybe do more wrong things. But happy and free time is transient. After that, we will have ourselves, hate life, hate everybody.

We want to forget, but can’t. more and more secrets are hidden in hearts. We close our window, and it is dark inside. Old days follow us forever, how we wanted the ‘man’ in the past can die. Nothing matters. Sadness is filled in our body. We live just like a dead man.

Escaping can do nothing. Beginning a new life is the most important, take sadness but live strongly.

When Carol left Dead Man island, I think she knew this all. The host influenced her. Don’t be remorseful any more, face new life, no hiding, no giving up the beautiful life, show the world a real self.

Leave Dead Man’s Island, let a bunch of sunshine get into your heart house.

Hamlet（哈姆雷特）
Shakspere (wrong spelling) created Hamlet--a man with wisdom and courage .In order to revenge on his uncle for killing his father, he pretented (spelling mistake) to be mad and suffered a series of misery. On the contrary, we can also say that Hamlet is rude and selfish for he did not think twice before his revenge . if (Capitalize "If" since it is the beginning word of the sentence.) a country has no king, how can a country keep alive (You need a question mark here since it is a question.) So, every thing has two sides, the bright side and ambral side. Every time we make a decision we have to think twice.
Comment:
Be careful with your spelling, grammar, and punctuation. Too many uncessary mistakes.
It is good that you looked at both the dark and bright sides of Hamlet. Thats quite objective and convincing.

㈣ 求初中语文课内名著阅读的总结和中考易考问题，详细一些好！！谢谢了

做阅读时要把文章多读几遍,把它的意思理解透了,知道中心
这样就好做了
另外,审题要仔细,我就是这样的!
(一般题目围绕中心)
就个人知识的获得来说，一般来自两个方面。一方面通过亲自实践获得大量感性知识，然后通过思考上升为理性知识，这些构成了个人知识的一小部分来源。另一方面则是直接把人类在长期实践中积累起来的知识继承过来，把社会的知识转化为个人的知识，这是中学生知识的主要来源或大部分来源，正如恩格斯所说：“每一个体都必须亲自去体验，这不再是必要的了；他的个体的经验，在某种程度上可以由他的历代祖先的经验的结果来代替。”在继承知识的各条途径中，可以说阅读是一条主要途径。

实际上，在校学习时，仅仅依靠上课是无法理解全部知识的。可以说，学生时代的学习一天也离不开阅读，老师的教和学生的学都要用书，离开书，离开阅读，学习就会十分困难。要知道，老师上完课就走了，而书籍却始终伴随着我们。

中学阶段是人生的黄金时代，要珍惜这无忧无虑、精力充沛的宝贵时光。要充分利用这一阶段多读点书，多继承点人类的宝贵知识财富，为一生的事业打下雄厚的基础。同时在阅读活动中增长起来的阅读能力，将为一生中不断地自学打下坚实的基础。

（一）要不断改进阅读的基本条件

阅读需要哪些条件呢？

（1）要掌握常用的字、词、句、段、篇的基本知识

阅读就是要通过与字、词、句、段、篇打交道，从中获取知识，如果不掌握这些知识，那么，阅读就变成看“天书”了。

中学生如能掌握5000个字，阅读一般文章就问题不大了。有的学生之所以阅读能力差，就是因为没掌握足够数量的字、词（主要是实词）和词组的表达概念，而概念是思维的“细胞”。句是用词按一定的语法规律联结而成的语言单位，一般用来表达判断，表达相对完整的思想。对句的理解不单要求掌握词义，还要求掌握语法。没有语言，思维就不存在了，由此可见，阅读的重重困难，往往是由不识字词，看不懂句子的意思带来的。因此认真学好语文，在阅读中有意识地丰富自己的语言知识是十分重要的。

科学家用他们的亲身体会，明确地指出了学好语文的重要性。

有一位数学家说：“很难想象一个文理不通、错字连篇的人，能把逻辑严谨的数学内涵表达出来。”著名数学家苏步青说：“我从小打好的语文基础，对我学习其他学科提供了很大的方便。我还觉得学好语文对训练一个人的思维很有帮助，可以使思想更有条理。这些，对我后来学好数学都有很大好处。”人们赞誉苏步青为“数学诗人”。

（2）要掌握基本的科学知识

不掌握自然科学和社会科学的基本概念和基础知识，就会给阅读带来很多不方便，甚至困难重重。有人说，到了21世纪，如果不懂生物化学，不懂生态学，可能连报纸都看不懂。现在报上经常出现“生态平衡”、“生态系统”、“遗传工程”、“基因”等专用名词，不少人似懂非懂，就是因为缺乏高中生物的基础知识。可见，要想在现代化社会里提高阅读能力，必须尽快掌握基本的科学文化知识才行。

（3）要会用工具书

在阅读时难免有些字不认识，也有的一时想不起来，这时，如果手头有《新华字典》、《现代汉语词典》和《汉语成语词典》等工具书，就可以及时地查一下，以扫除阅读中的障碍。当然，根据阅读的需要，准备一些相应的参考书籍，准备随时查找也是必要的。

如果工具书齐备，查找熟练，阅读起来就会顺利得多。当然，通过查找工具书，又可以使自己的知识进一步丰富起来。

（二）要有目的，有计划地读书

面对浩瀚的书海，如果读书没有目的和计划，将会无所适从。

中学生的大部分时间是在课堂上度过的，每天又要完成当天的学习任务，因此，可供阅读的时间，尤其是课外阅读的时间并不多，如果读书再没有目的和计划，就会使宝贵的阅读时间得不到充分地有价值地利用。

中学生的阅读应以达到这样的目的为出发点：

有利于基础知识的学习，有利于发挥自己的特长，有利于弥补自己的弱点，有利于阅读能力的提高。

安排阅读计划时要注意：

围绕课本阅读一些有关的课外书。例如，读一些与课内学习有关的科技史，人物传记，这样有助于提高课内学习的兴趣，充实课内学习的内容，使思维更加活跃。

围绕自己的爱好或特点读一些有关的课外读物，一个爱好理科的学生，可以定期到阅览室读有关的报纸杂志，一个喜欢文科的学生，可以定期去读各种文学刊物，也可以利用假期阅读文学名著。

至于课外书的选择，可以请教老师，请教高年级的优秀生或同班的同学，也可以请教家长。把他们的好经验学过来，实在是一种省时间的好办法，选好一本书，就可以用较少的时间得到较大的收获。

书选好了，再把读书的时间分配好，不仅可以提高读书的效率，也不至于冲击课内的学习。长期坚持下去，学习中的弱点就可以得到弥补，个人的特长就可以得到发展，既促进了课内的学习，又丰富了课外的精神生活。

不少学生读书缺乏目的和计划，一昧地从兴趣出发，常常看一些侦探小说、武侠小说，达到了爱不释手的地步，为看这些书而开夜车，不完成作业，结果严重干扰和影响了课内的学习，这是一种不好的读书倾向。

（三）要处理好博览和精读的关系

博览就是广泛地看书，目的是针对书的内容作一般了解，以发现书内精华的部分和急需的知识。广泛阅读可以博采众长，正如鲁迅所说：“如果只看一个人的著作，结果是不大好的，你就得不到多方面的优点。必须如蜜蜂一样，采过许多花，才能酿出蜜来，倘若叮在一处，所得就非常有限，枯燥了。”

博览就是观大略，在短时间内阅读大量书籍，为精读创造条件。观大略的方法是：看目录，从目录中发现有用的内容，再翻阅有关部分，到书店选书就是用这种办法；看内容提示，看书的开头几段和结尾几段，以掌握书的大概内容；也可以用快速阅读法，就是用较快速度读一遍，了解大致的内容。

在博览的基础上，在同类的书中选出一本最好的进行精读。精读之后再阅读同类的其他书籍。精读时，要“细嚼慢咽”，要多动脑筋，要反反复复地读，还要认真做读书笔记。

数学家张广厚在谈起学习一本数学小册子时说：“这篇论文一共20多面，我反反复复地念了半年多，因为老用手摸这几页，白白的书边上，留下了一条明显的黑线。这样反复学习，对我们研究工作有很大的促进作用，我的爱人说：‘这哪叫念书啊！简直和吃书一样。’”

精读过的书，要做到：一懂，就是对书的基本内容要达到理解的程度；二记，就是要记住所理解的内容；三会，就是会运用这些理解了的知识；四熟，就是能熟练地将从书本内学到的知识表达出来或运用它分析问题和解决问题。

中学是基础教育，是打基础的阶段，因此要把精读的目标指向教科书和主要参考书。

（四）要勤于思考

爱因斯坦说：“在所阅读的书本中找出可以把自己引向深处的东西，把其他一切统统抛掉，就是抛掉使头脑负担过重和会把自己诱离要求的一切。”就是说，阅读时要抓住书中的精髓，实现由浅入深的转化。

英国诗人柯勒律曾把读者分为四类：第一类好比计时的沙漏漏沙，注进去，漏出来，到头来一点痕迹也没有留下；第二类好像海绵，什么都吸收，挤一挤，流出来的东西原封不动，甚至还脏了些；第三类像滤豆浆的布袋，豆浆都流了，留下的只是豆渣；第四类像开掘宝石的苦工，把矿渣甩一边，只要纯净的宝石。这段话的意思是说，阅读时，要取其精华，去其糟粕。

华罗庚说：“高中程度的同志可以回想一下过去学过的小学算术、初中代数在脑子里还有那么多吗？没有那么多了。因为我们理解了，会运用了，这就是说书变薄了。”这段话的意思是说，阅读时要实现由多而杂到少而精的转化。

综上所述，阅读时，要竭尽全力，力求做到“留下宝石”，“引向深处”和“把书读薄”，为此，就要勤于思考。

具体说要做到以下几点：

（1）力求理解

读书应当边读边想，力求理解，弄懂书中所说的中心思想和基本原理，阅读时，应当每看一段就想一想，把道理弄懂；在全文读完之后，再串起来看一看，想一想，找到各段之间的联系，以便从整体上理解一篇文章，一节课文或一章内容。

（2）理清思路

著名教育家叶圣陶说过：“文章有思路，遵路识斯真。”意思是每一篇文章都体现着作者的思路，遵循这一思路阅读，才能理解文章的实质。可见理清思路对阅读多么重要。

在阅读自然科学著作时，对书上提出的原理、规律、定律、公式，不仅要理解结论，尤其要理清文章的思路，看看这些结论是怎么推导出来的。李政道博士说：“当读完一段之后，就应当把书合上，自己把思路走一下，如果走不出来，再去看书，想想自己为什么走不出来，别人为什么走通了。”阅读时，只记现成结论，而不考虑这些结论是怎么得出来的，那么思维能力就很难在阅读中提高。

（3）要能提出问题

阅读中发现的问题一般有两类：一类是根据自己所具备的知识，认为书中的一些见解不正确、不完整，提出异义或补充；一类是因为自己具备的知识还不够，因而有不懂的问题。中学生随着知识水平和能力的提高，阅读时发现第一类问题会逐渐增多，而第二类问题会慢慢减少。

一旦发现问题，再深入阅读有关书籍，并且深入思考，收获会更大，还有可能发现新的知识，获得新的见解。

（4）要独立回忆，学会准确表达

阅读后，要通过回忆再检查一下阅读的效果。对已经理解的内容要善于用简练的语言表达出来，写在读书笔记上，以备日后查用。钱伟长说过：“读一本书，只要清楚它的梗概，了解它的主要精神和主要问题，先把最重要的东西学到手，然后回顾一下，看自己解决一些什么问题，还有哪些没有解决？对一时无法解决的问题，最好用小本子记录下来，以便以后解决。”

（五）要记好阅读笔记

威廉·李卜克内西在《忆马克思》一文中说：“只要有一点可能，他任何时候总要工作的。就是去散步，他也要带一本笔记簿，并且时时在上面写点什么。”为了写《资本论》，仅在 1850年 8月至 1853年 6月，马克思就摘录了70个不同作者的著作，写了24本有关政治经济学的笔记。在写《资本论》的过程中，他摘录的书有1500多本，写的笔记至少有100多本。

马克思在笔记的封面上写明做笔记的时间和地点，编上笔记的序号，有的还加上标题……每本笔记都编有页码，为了日后查阅方便，很多笔记都做了目录和内容提要。

黑格尔读书学习，也有一个独特的习惯，就是把读过的书，按语言学、美学、几何学、心理学等分类，把它们放到贴有标签的文件夹里。这样，当需要什么材料时，随时可以拿到。这种习惯，他坚持了一生。

鲁迅写作《中国小说史略》光摘抄的卡片就有5000张。

（1）加深理解，巩固记忆

做笔记的过程，就是一个加深理解、加强记忆的过程。有人说：“眼看千遍，不如手抄一遍。”就是做最简单的摘录，也需要动动脑筋，以摘录最精彩的地方，至于写体会，那就更要动脑筋了。因此，有了“要做笔记”的愿望，必然会促使你专心阅读。再加上与书籍相比，笔记自然要简明、深刻和概括得多，不仅利于理解，也利于记忆。

（2）利于积累资料，使知识“外贮”

经过长期阅读之后，就可以通过笔记积累起符合自己需要的大量资料，弥补头脑记忆的不足。因为用头脑记忆，往往不够准确和持久，难免忘记、记错或记混。如把资料分门别类保管好，则可以长期为学习及以后所从事的工作服务，只要不丢，就没有“忘记”的问题，只要使用之前看一看，这些“外贮”的资料又可转为“内贮”的记忆，使知识的运用得心应手。保尔·拉法格在回忆马克思时说：“他有这么一种习惯，隔一些时候就要重读一次他的笔记和书中做上记号的地方，来巩固他非常强而且精确的记忆。”

不少中学生在阅读时，轻信自己的记忆力，懒得动笔，以致到需要运用阅读的收获来分析问题解决问题时，忘记得一干二净，感到很后悔。

还有的中学生笔记记了不少，但不知道定期分类、整理，不知道妥善保存，因此当需要运用时，又因太乱而难以查找，使笔记成了“死材料”。

一般精读的书，可用笔记本做笔记，而博览的书，可用活页纸做笔记，然后定期分类、整理。

如果在中学时代，就学会做读书笔记，学会积累和整理资料，那么，天长日久，不仅可以促进课内的学习，而且还能帮助学生学会一套阅读的方法，提高阅读的能力，这必将给走上工作岗位后的自学带来极大的好处。一、整体感知、快速阅读的技巧：

（1）浏览标题，领悟基本内容：标题有时暗示主旨、有启迪文章思路的作用、提供答题的方向等。

（2）辨识文体（记叙文、议论文、说明文、散文），分析重点文意。

（3）精读首尾，揣摩主题思想：首尾往往发现作者所表达的中心。

二、答案来源：

A．采摘材料中的原文、关键词语或语句（诸如抓住议论句、抒情句和特殊修辞句、文段中的关键形容词和动词）。

B．提炼筛选主要的，剔除次要的。即先用自己的话或材料中的语句来概括归纳，再加以合并浓缩，留下重点语句。

三、友情提示：

1．注意审题，领会出题者意图，围绕题目要求作答，防止答非所问。

2．辨识文体，根据文体知识作答；答题应有条理、书写规范。

3．遇到开放性或谈看法感受的题目必须结合文章的中心意旨（中心论点）来发散，可适当摘录文中重点语句回答，并尽量结合实际感受、引用的相关名言警句或美文精练概括。

四、请参阅现代文阅读解题指导专题训练

五、文体知识备忘录：

说明文阅读

1．明确说明对象：辨析说明对象可以：

a. 看文章题目；

b. 根据说明语段的内容进行分析概括

2．概括说明内容：

事理说明文说明内容一般可概括为：本文主要说明（说明对象）的构造、形态、性质、特点、变化、成因、工作原理、功用等方面。（视具体说明对象的哪些内容而定）

3．明确说明顺序：

时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序。

事理说明文一般都采用逻辑顺序的说明顺序。

4、明确说明方法

（1）说明方法

（2）分析说明方法的作用：

a、先指明所用的说明方法；

b、再联系说明内容分析该说明方法说明了事物的哪方面的特征。

5、说明文语言的准确性

答题规范：答：不能删去，“xx”表示……，去掉后就变成了……

影响了说明文语言的准确性。（不符合实际情况或过于绝对化）

6、明确说明文的结构（作为划分层次的依据）

常用的结构模式：

总--分、分--总、总--分--总等，事物说明文多用总分式，其“分”的部分又常按并列方式安排。

议论文阅读

1、找准论点：标题、开头、篇末、不明显需精练概括。还可以通过分析论据来找论点。因为论据是证明论点的，分析论据，看它证明的是什么问题，这个问题就是论点。或者分析题目，有的标题不是论点，而是论证话题，作者对论题的看法就是中心论点。

来源：(http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4fd8f78e0100iko7.html) - 初中语文阅读理解答题技巧_卧龙云舒_新浪博客
2、分析论据类型：事实论据、道理论据。

考点：补充一个论据；（要紧扣论点，选取真实典型的事例）

3、明确论证方法：举例论证、道理论证、比喻论证、对比论证

道理论证一般指引用了名人名言做论据的。比喻论证指论证的语句采用了比喻这种修辞手法的。对比论证一般须找出正反两方面的论述。

考点：分析论证的作用：1.指明所用的论证方法；2.分析该论证方法证明了作者的哪个观点。（一般是本段的中心句（段首）或所采用论证方法的前一句）

4、论证结构：一般结构：提出问题－分析问题--解决问题(即引论--本沦--结论)。

5、分析议论文的语言特点（准确性、概括性）

6、议论文一般开头由某件事、一则名言、寓言故事等生发议论。所以它们的作用是：作为引子，引出论证的话题。

7、议论文常用设问句作过渡，反问句式以示强调。（1）设问（手法）句的作用：吸引读者注意，启发读者去思考，发人深思。（2）反问（手法）句的作用：加强语气，强调作者的观点，发人深思。

记叙文阅读

一、解题技巧: 详见现代文阅读解题指导专题训练

二、文体知识：

1记叙的顺序：顺叙、倒叙、插叙。

倒叙：把事情的结局或某个最突出的片段先写出来，然后写事情的发生、经过等。倒叙作用：倒叙一般是为了突出中心、使内容集中，对比鲜明、或使叙述有波澜、或为了造成结构悬念，引人入胜。

2、记叙的线索

以时间为线索、以事件（某物、地点的转换、感情的变化、“我”的见闻感受）为线索。

3、记叙的人称：（1）第一人称（以''我"的口吻展开叙述）写法的作用：以当事人的身份叙述，使故事显得真实（作为故事的见证人）、自然、有亲切感。（2）第三人称写法不受任何限制，写起来开阔充分。（3）第二人称记叙，最贴近读者，使人感到特别亲切。

4表达方式：记叙、抒情、描写、说明、议论

5描写方法：分两类：人物描写和环境描写。

（1） 人物描写\细节描写

（2） 环境描写的作用

（3）侧面描写：用他人的反应、与其他人物对比表现人物

6、以写景抒情为主的记叙文，要理清写景的顺序，找出观察点（定点观察或移步换景）。（1）观察角度：平视（远视）、仰视、俯视。（2）观察的手段：视觉、嗅觉、味觉、触觉、听觉。（3）感受的形式：形、色、声、香、味、光、感。

7、抒情方式：直接抒情和间接抒情。间接抒情一般指借景抒情、寓情于景、情景交融。

8、品味艺术特色：一般指品味文章（包括品位小说）的构思、布局、表现手法和语言特点。回答时看它的构思是否新颖巧妙；情节是否跌宕起伏；是否运用对比、讽刺、夸张、烘托、以小见大、欲扬先抑、象征、托物言志等表现手法；

9、散文特点：形散而神不散。 形指结构，神指中心意旨

写作手段：借景抒情、寓情于景、托物言志的象征手法。

10、当回答回答文章中某一内容有何作用时可从三个方面考虑，（1）内容方面，如深化主题、强调感情等；（2）结构方面的，如过渡、呼应等；（3）语言方面，如引人入胜、生动活泼等。

11、标点符号的作用：

引号：（1）表引用 （2）反语，表讽刺否定 （3）表强调（4）特指

破折号：（1）表解释说明 （2）表意思的递进或转折

（3）表声音延长 （4）表插说或中断。

省略号：（1）表内容的省略（2）表静默或思考（3）表语言的中断

（4）表说话断断续续（5）表话未说完，语意未尽

12、小说三要素：情节、人物、环境

小说结构：开端、发展、高潮、结局（有的前有序幕后有尾声）

13常见写作方法

14语句在文章篇章结构上的作用

15、语句在表情达意方面的作用16语言特点评价用词：准确、生动、形象、通俗易懂、语言简练、简洁明了、委婉含蓄、意味深长、富有感染力等。

17、围绕短文谈谈自己的看法或体会或感受：

答题模式：先用1句话概括出自己的看法或体会，再用2-3句话谈谈理由，可以摆事实、讲道理、若题目有相关要求，还要结合亲身经历。

㈤ 求帮写个初中英语教师个人课题结题阶段总结，或者写个框

第一，课题内容未知，只能给你相关框架了。
第二，一般课题结题阶段的框架主要包括：

一、标题
结题报告标题格式：
全国教育科学“十五”规划国家重点课题“整体构建学校德育体系深化研究与推广实验”子课题——
××××××××结题报告
（例如：小学生养成教育的深化研究结题报告，初中生心理健康教育内容方法的研究结题报告）
在标题下面列出实验区、实验校和课题组及执笔人名称，联系电话、邮编、Email地址。
二、正文
结题报告正文由四部分组成。
（一）子课题立项研究的基本情况
这部分包含四项内容。第一，介绍子课题名称。第二，阐述子课题提出的背景和原因，主要以对学校德育工作、学生思想品德教育及课程改革、家庭教育和社会影响等现状的调查分析为根据，说明为什么提出该课题及其进行立项研究的必要性。第三，介绍课题研究的目的和预期目标。第四，介绍参加实验的年级、班数、人数、课题研究的起止时间。
这部分内容应体现德育科研和德育工作的针对性和主动性，符合课题鉴定验收标准的“课题性”要求。
（二）课题研究的理论依据
理论依据包括：德育工作的有关文件，如《中共中央国务院关于进一步加强和改进未成年人思想道德建设的若干意见》、《教育部关于整体规划大中小学德育体系的意见》等；哲学社会科学、教育科学及德育论等基础理论；总课题组的《整体构建德育体系引论》、《整体构建德育体系总论》、《整体构建学校德育体系导论》、各学段《整体构建学校德育体系实践导引》的理论要点。理论依据是符合课题鉴定验收标准“科学性”的必要条件。
（三）课题研究的内容、原则和方法
这部分是总结介绍经过课题研究构建的德育实践模式的主体部分。鉴于课题研究的内容、原则和方法在实施中的整体联系，可以把三者结合起来阐述。如将内容、原则、方法融合到学校课题组设计的序列专题活动中进行阐述；也可以将课题研究的内容、原则、方法进行相对划分，依次总结阐述。
1．课题研究的内容范围
课题研究的内容是围绕子课题研究目标设计的具体化的专题或问题，包括实验校对校本德育体系的目标内容、途径方法、管理评价中一个方面的具体研究，如子课题“农村小学班主任工作方法体系研究”中的培养学生的集体意识、小学生心理辅导策略、培养良好习惯、与家长沟通配合等专题内容；实验校对《德育》读本、《成长册》、《当代家长》、《好孩子 好习惯》的实验研究，均可作为课题研究内容进行系统的总结介绍。
2．课题研究的原则把握
课题研究的原则是根据课题研究的理论依据和子课题研究内容确定的研究理念，是对研究过程“应该怎样做”的理性认识。遵循实验原则进行实验操作是教育科研的基本要求和基本特点。实验原则一般在研究方案中已经确定，结题报告阐述原则应把重点放在怎样应用科学理论和课题理念进行研究实验上。
3．课题研究的方法运用
课题研究的方法包括管理方法和研究（实验）方法两个方面。管理方法主要是为保证课题研究按计划实施所采取的课题管理工作措施，如建立课题领导小组，定期进行总结交流，建立科研档案等。研究方法主要指课题研究使用的教育科研方法，如调查研究法、实验研究法、个案研究法、行动研究法、文献研究法等等。结题报告介绍研究方法应紧密结合实例，把重点放在总结介绍怎样运用适合课题研究内容的方法进行实际操作，怎样解决实际问题，怎样实现研究目标上。总结介绍研究方法要突出重点，注重创新，反映特色，讲究条理，体现实践操作过程。例如许多实验校对《德育》读本的实验采用了实验研究法，其阶段总结报告对如何操纵自变量进行了系统的总结，对自变量和因变量的因果关系作了客观的说明，较清晰地阐述了实验的方法和实验的过程，这种写法可以参考借鉴。这部分内容是符合课题鉴定验收标准的“科学性”、“创新性”、“规范性”的主体部分。


（四）研究成果和结论
这部分的重点是系统总结课题研究取得的各项成果。
1．分项总结课题研究取得的实际效果。
可以从四个层面进行总结说明：
（1）课题研究对提高学校德育工作整体水平和推进素质教育所产生的作用；
（2）课题研究对提高教师的教书育人能力和师德素质所产生的作用；
（3）课题研究对提高学生的思想品德及整体素质所产生的作用；
（4）课题研究对家庭教育和社会教育的引导和影响情况。
从上述层面总结介绍课题研究效果，要注意选取典型实例以辅助效果说明；对课题研究在落实《中共中央国务院关于进一步加强和改进未成年人思想道德建设的若干意见》、《教育部关于整体规划大中小学德育体系的意见》等文件中所起的作用也要进行总结说明。阐述实验效果可以结合语言表述选择使用列表法和条形、曲线、圆形等图示法，与实验前的现状进行定性或定量的比较说明，这部分是符合课题验收标准“实效性”的主体部分。
2．分项说明成果形式、数量、发表、获奖和推广采用情况。
3．结论
在对研究成果进行系统总结说明的基础上，写出课题研究的结论。研究结论主要是用简明的语言，归纳课题研究所设计的内容和所采用的方法对取得的实际效果的有效性，也可以通过取得的效果证明课题研究设计的内容方法的创新价值和实践意义。
4．思考与展望
对课题研究过程中的深刻体会或有待继续研究的问题作概要说明或讨论。
三、参考文献
在报告文后以“参考文献”为标志列出课题研究参考引用的著作和文章题目。
四、附件
附件是研究成果的系统载体，也是结题鉴定的必备资料。附件类型包括：子课题研究的论文集；德育活动课教案；教师、家长、学生成长、发展变化的典型个案；校本德育教材；已出版的成果专著；刊有子课题成果的报刊杂志；反映课题研究成果的音像制品；其它相关资料。

㈥ 初中语文课外名著导读总结！！！！急...

名人传》又称《巨人三传》它包括《贝多芬传》、《托尔斯泰传》、《米开朗琪罗传》三部“英雄传记”
作者：罗曼.罗兰
国籍：法国
主要人物：贝多芬，米开朗琪罗，列夫。托尔斯泰
其它作品：《约翰