职称英语阅读理解试题及答案

㈠ 2012年职称英语考试综合A试题答案

给你13号卷的答案及分析，你自己看看吧：
2012年职称英语综合A考题答案解析(试卷代码 13)
第一部分词汇选项：
1. weary – tired
2. ince – attract
3. crisp – fresh
4. exotic – unusual
5. alleviate – ease
6. update – modernize
7. utterly – completely
8. profile – description
9. discriminate – distinguish
10. asylum– protection
11. layout– arrangement
12. peep– look
13. raninto – hit
14. hollow – empty
15.evoked – refreshed
第二部分 阅读判断 In sports, Red is the winning color
16. BothHill and Barton wanted to find out if color affects the outcomes of sportsmatches.
答案为A(right).
相关句：They (Hill and Barton) …reachedthe conclusion by studying the outcomesof boxing…
The outcomes 回应上文中提到的“theteam dressed in red is more likely to win”
17. Hilland Barton are both interested in primates(灵长目).
答案为A(right).
相关句：Hill and Barton got the ideafor the study from a mutual in`terest in primates.
18. Malemandrills use yellow coloration toattract a mate.
答案为B(wrong).
相关句：Redcoloration gives males an advantage when it comes to mating.
19. Redis not an advantage for Zebra finches(斑胸草雀).
答案为B(wrong).
相关句：Scientists put red plasticrings on the legs of male Zebra females, whichincreased the bird’s success in finding a mate.
20. Thered plastic rings were left on the finches permanently.
答案为C（notmentioned）.
21. Hilland Barton believe athletes in red are more likelyto win.
答案为A(right).
相关句：Across a range of sports, wefind that wearing red is consistently associated with a higher probability of winning.
22. Many athletes oppose the new regulations on sportuniforms.
答案为C(not mentioned)
相关句：the discovery of red’sadvantage might lead to new regulations on sports uniforms.
第三部分 How technology pushes down price
23．E technologyhelps rece food prices
24. C bigger supermarketsoffer lower prices
25. B. Huge retailers force procersto cut costs
26．F． food comes cheaper in larger portions
27. Big supermarkets can offer food at lower pricesbecause they can buy ___.
答案为E: in bulk = in large quantities
28. Some forced procers have reced ___
答案为C。minorbrands
29．Besides cutting its cost,Unilever also abandoned its ____
答案为B. workforce
30．Buyers like big portionsbecause they think they have got ___.
答案为A。a good bargain = a better deal
第四部分 阅读理解
Passage one Going her own way
31. Maria wanted to attend a ____.
答案为C. technical high school.
32. In those days, most Italian girls ___.
答案为B. didn’t go to high school.
33. Maria’s father probably ___.
答案为B. had a traditional view about women.
34. High school teachers in Italy in those days were very ___.
答案为D. strict
35. We can infer from this passage that __
答案为D. Maria was a girl of strongwill
Passage two DNAtesting
36. What’s is the main idea of this passage?
答案为C: DNA testing has played akey role in criminal investigation.
相关句（文章最后两句）：But for those whose innocence has been proven and who are now free man, DNAtesting has meant nothing less than a return to life. And with the careful use of DNA testing,no innocent person should ever be convicted again.
37．DNA testing wasfirst used in a criminal case by ___.
答案为C. police in great Britain
相关句：the very first use of DNAtesting in a criminal case wasin 1985 in great Britain.…because police hadfound samples of the killer’s DNA …
38. The Innocence Projectuses DNA testing to ___.
答案为A. set free innocentprisoners
相关句：in 1992, two law professors,decided to use DNA evidence to help set free such mistakenly convictedprisoner. They created a organization called the innocence project.
39. Some studentsin Northwestern University____.
答案为C. proved some prisoners werenot guilty.
相关句：The students (at Northwestern University)proved that in fact the prisoners were not guilty of the crime they had beenaccused of.
40. What is the author’s attitude towards DNA testing?
C. positive
Passage three Gross(adj. 总的) national happiness
1． Who was Wangchuck?
答案为B. king
相关句（第一段）：…anew ruler called king Wangchuck…
2. Apart from modernization modernizing Bhuta, whatelse did Wangchuck want to do for Bhuta?
答案为A. keep its traditions and customs.
相关句：Wangchuck decided to helpBhuta to become modern, but without losing itstraditions.
3. A country shows its progress with GNPby ___.
答案为C. selling more procts
相关句：The GNP measures procts and money. When thenumber of procts sold increases people say the country is making progress.
4. According to GNH, people are happier ifthey ___.
答案为D. have a good stablegovernment
5. Today many countries are ___.
答案为B. trying to find their ownways to measure happiness.
相关句：Many countriesare interested in Hutan’s GNH. These countriesare investigating their own ways to measure happiness.
第五部分 补全短文 The mysteries of Nazca
1. 答案为A.seen from the ground, it looks like linesscratched into the earth.
解析：It 指代空格上文中的：oneof the most unusual artworks
2. 答案为:A Swiss(瑞士) writer named Erich wrotethat Nazca lines were designed as alanding place for UFOs.
解析： the Nazca lines 回应空格上文中的lines
UFOs呼应空格下文中的spaceship
3. 答案为C. Hecalled Nazca “the largest astronomy bookin the world”.
解析：He 回指空格上文中的anAmerican explorer Paul
Astronomy 回应空格上文中的stars, planets
4．F. The largest pictures may have been the sites forspecial ceremonies.
解析：largest与空格下文中的big呼应
Ceremonies与空格上文中的religious reasons呼应
5．B. Other scientists are now searching for evidence to prove this.
解析：other scientists 与空格上文中的twoscientists 呼应
第六部分 完型填空
The old gate
1. A. defensive
2. D. diseases
3. A. demolished
4. A. but
5. C. actual
6. A. borders
7. A. down
8. because
9. B. maintain
10. D. intension
11. D. preservation
12. B. mean
13. replaced
14. B. chance
15. A. job

㈡ 2012职称英语综合A13真题及答案

综合A13标准版
第一部分词汇选项：
1. weary – tired
2. ince – attract
3. crisp – fresh
4. exotic – unusual
5. alleviate – ease
6. update – modernize
7. utterly – completely
8. profile – description
9. discriminate – distinguish
10. asylum – protection
11. layout – arrangement
12. peep – look
13. ran into – hit
14. hollow – empty
15. evoked – refreshed

第二部分 阅读判断 In sports, Red is the winning color
16. Both Hill and Barton wanted to find out if color affects the outcomes of sports matches.
答案为A(right).
相关句：They (Hill and Barton) …reached the conclusion by studying the outcomes of boxing…
The outcomes 回应上文中提到的“the team dressed in red is more likely to win”

17. Hill and Barton are both interested in primates(灵长目).
答案为A(right).
相关句：Hill and Barton got the idea for the study from a mutual in`terest in primates.

18. Male mandrills use yellow coloration to attract a mate.
答案为B(wrong).
相关句：Red coloration gives males an advantage when it comes to mating.

19. Red is not an advantage for Zebra finches(斑胸草雀).
答案为B(wrong).
相关句：Scientists put red plastic rings on the legs of male Zebra females, which increased the bird’s success in finding a mate.

20. The red plastic rings were left on the finches permanently.
答案为C（not mentioned）.

21. Hill and Barton believe athletes in red are more likely to win.
答案为A(right).
相关句：Across a range of sports, we find that wearing red is consistently associated with a higher probability of winning.

22. Many athletes oppose the new regulations on sport uniforms.
答案为C(not mentioned)
相关句：the discovery of red’s advantage might lead to new regulations on sports uniforms.

第三部分 How technology pushes down price
23．E technology helps rece food prices
24. C bigger supermarkets offer lower prices
25. B. Huge retailers force procers to cut costs
26．F． food comes cheaper in larger portions

27. Big supermarkets can offer food at lower prices because they can buy ___.
答案为E: in bulk = in large quantities

28. Some forced procers have reced ___
答案为C。minor brands

29．Besides cutting its cost, Unilever also abandoned its ____
答案为B. workforce

30．Buyers like big portions because they think they have got ___.
答案为A。 a good bargain = a better deal

第四部分 阅读理解
Passage one Going her own way
31. Maria wanted to attend a ____.
答案为C. technical high school.

32. In those days, most Italian girls ___.
答案为B. didn’t go to high school.

33. Maria’s father probably ___.
答案为B. had a traditional view about women.

34. High school teachers in Italy in those days were very ___.
答案为D. strict

35. We can infer from this passage that __
答案为D. Maria was a girl of strong will

Passage two DNA testing
36. What’s is the main idea of this passage?
答案为C: DNA testing has played a key role in criminal investigation.
相关句（文章最后两句）： But for those whose innocence has been proven and who are now free man, DNA testing has meant nothing less than a return to life. And with the careful use of DNA testing, no innocent person should ever be convicted again.

37．DNA testing was first used in a criminal case by ___.
答案为C. police in great Britain
相关句：the very first use of DNA testing in a criminal case was in 1985 in great Britain. …because police had found samples of the killer’s DNA …

38. The Innocence Project uses DNA testing to ___.
答案为A. set free innocent prisoners
相关句：in 1992, two law professors, decided to use DNA evidence to help set free such mistakenly convicted prisoner. They created a organization called the innocence project.

39. Some students in Northwestern University ____.
答案为C. proved some prisoners were not guilty.
相关句：The students (at Northwestern University) proved that in fact the prisoners were not guilty of the crime they had been accused of.

40. What is the author’s attitude towards DNA testing?
C. positive

Passage three Gross(adj. 总的) national happiness
1． Who was Wangchuck?
答案为B. king
相关句（第一段）：…a new ruler called king Wangchuck…

2. Apart from modernization modernizing Bhuta, what else did Wangchuck want to do for Bhuta?
答案为A. keep its traditions and customs.
相关句：Wangchuck decided to help Bhuta to become modern, but without losing its traditions.

3. A country shows its progress with GNP by ___.
答案为C. selling more procts
相关句：The GNP measures procts and money. When the number of procts sold increases people say the country is making progress.

4. According to GNH, people are happier if they ___.
答案为D. have a good stable government

5. Today many countries are ___.
答案为B. trying to find their own ways to measure happiness.
相关句：Many countries are interested in Hutan’s GNH. These countries are investigating their own ways to measure happiness.

第五部分 补全短文 The mysteries of Nazca

1. 答案为A. seen from the ground, it looks like lines scratched into the earth.
解析：It 指代空格上文中的：one of the most unusual artworks
2. 答案为: A Swiss(瑞士) writer named Erich wrote that Nazca lines were designed as a landing place for UFOs.
解析： the Nazca lines 回应空格上文中的 lines
UFOs呼应空格下文中的spaceship
3. 答案为C. He called Nazca “the largest astronomy book in the world”.
解析：He 回指空格上文中的an American explorer Paul
Astronomy 回应空格上文中的 stars, planets
4．F. The largest pictures may have been the sites for special ceremonies.
解析：largest与空格下文中的big呼应
Ceremonies 与空格上文中的religious reasons呼应
5．B. Other scientists are now searching for evidence to prove this.
解析：other scientists 与空格上文中的two scientists 呼应

第六部分 完型填空
The old gate
1. A. defensive
2. D. diseases
3. A. demolished
4. A. but
5. C. actual
6. A. borders
7. A. down
8. because
9. B. maintain
10. D. intension
11. D. preservation
12. B. mean
13. replaced
14. B. chance
15. A. job

㈢ 2015年中石化职称英语答案，＝考试真题

2015年中石化抄职称英语考试结束之后就有考试答案了。在网上一般都会搜到的。

全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试是由国家人事部组织实施的一项国家级外语考试。本考试遵循“严格要求、实事求是、区别对待、逐步提高”的原则，根据英语在不同专业领域活动中的应用特点，结合专业技术人员掌握和使用英语的实际情况，对申报不同级别专业技术职务的人员的英语水平提出了不同的要求。

㈣ 职称英语考试复习

购买2012年教材的时候，要注意是“人力资源和社会保障部人事考试中心和国家外国专家局培训中心”组编。
职称英语考试的教材每年都会更新，一般是在前一年职称英语教材同级别、同类别的基础上替换15%的内容。根据历年惯例，职称英语考试教材一般都在每年的1月上旬出版，但考生拿到手的时间往往要到1月底，所以准备的时间很短。根据每年只替换15%的原则，自己组合教材。职称英语新增文章历来是考试的重点，大家一点要多多注意。
职称英语考试试题会从指定职称英语考试教材《职称英语等级考试用书》中出两篇原文，一篇阅读理解，一篇完形填空，共30分，占总分的30%。
在2012年职称英语教材出来之前，建议大家买一本去年职称英语的考试教材，看一下去年的文章，因为部分阅读理解和完形填空会从教材里出题，所以应该说教材是最好复习材料。

职称英语考试是可以带词典进入考场的考试，考生可以使用国家正式出版的普通外文字典或词典。但禁止使用针对全国职称外语等级考试编辑出版的外语字典、词典，或外语教材和外语词汇手册。新东方在线网络课堂职称英语辅导团队建议广大考生在选择考场使用词典时遵循以下几个原则：
1、国家规定电子出版物不能带入考场;
2、有职称字样及针对职称英语考试编写的字典均不能带入考场,例如字典上有"职称英语"字样的等。
2011考后网友反馈如下：
牛津高阶，老幺，王霞都可以带入考场
幺建华的词典今年的词汇题，有6道不能直接查到，但通过英汉能找到答案，就是耽误了点时间。
字典王霞/牛津同义词：王霞的有4个查不到---剩余4个牛津查出来3个
实用词典被没收（辽宁出版社，之前在论坛提过这本不能带）
牛津同义词，都有！
商务印书馆的新思维英汉词典，全查到的
我用的是商务的新思维，90%有，有的题目就是里面的举例。
牛津高阶双解词典可以查到

建议，如果考生的英语基础比较好，可以买国家指定的教材，自己有计划的进行复习！
对于基础不是很好，平时又没有时间学习的考生，建议大家使用网络学习，近几年网络学习尤其受到广大在职人员的欢迎，考生可以自行选择合适的时间在网上学习。
推荐每年职称英语通过率很高的博大考神职称英语家庭式培训班，可以网络一下。

㈤ 请问：职称英语做阅读判断题的时候应该怎么答

在职称英语考试中，阅读判断题和阅读理解题，同样都需要阅读文章来选择答案回或者是进行判断答。但阅读判断题，不同于阅读理解，除了将文章读完，找到题目对应的答案所在句之外，还需要将这个题目在原文中的句子和题目进行比较，最终得出是正确还是错误。其中，A答案是正确，B答案是错误，而难点在于除了正确和错误之外，多了一个C，未提及。
需要注意的是：
1、对于考生而言，职称英语考试的时间非常紧张，阅读判断题型不适合先阅读文章后做题，而应当先阅读题目后看文章，这样便于节省时间。
2、在阅读时注意顺序性，即题目的顺序和原文的顺序基本一致。一般而言，第一题的答案应在文章的前部，第二题的答案应在第一题的答案之后。
3、靠前边的题在靠前边的段落寻找答案，反之亦然。这个规律也有助于同学们确定答案的位置。
4、阅读判断题中“没提到的出题形式”
1）问题句中的信息内容根本没有在文章中出现；
2）问题句中的部分信息内容(部分词语或结构)在文章中出现了， 但根据文章中涉及到这些词语的句子无法判断问题句的说法是“正确”还是“错误”， 则只能判断该问题句为“没提到”。

㈥ 2010职称英语考试理工B 代码23 阅读理解三道题的顺序

1.Natural Gas
2.Night of the living Ants
3.The lceman
希望采纳

㈦ 请问：2016年职称英语考试阅读判断题型答题技巧

2016年职称英语考试阅读判断题型答题技巧
阅读判断题的考查目标是：考查应试者判断识别文章所提供的信息的能力。
考试方式为：给出一篇300～450词的短文，短文后列出7个句子，有的句子提供的是正确的信息，有的句子提供的是错误的信息，有的句子的信息在短文中并未直接或间接提及，要求应试者根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断。
阅读判断题这类题型难度在于，在对和错之外还有第三种状态：未提及。往往很多考生难以区分“错”和“未提及”。这种题型考查的是应试者判断识别文章所提供的信息的能力。但需要重点指出：这里所指的“信息”，既有文章中明示的信息，也有藏在字里行间中的信息，即隐含信息。因此，考生在做这部分题目时，需要仔细阅读。
建议考生在基础复习阶段先熟悉、积累并掌握历年真题中的阅读判断题型提问时常见的语法结构(例被动语态、定语从句等)和涉及到词汇的学习，从而使自己能尽可能读懂一些问句的意义。
此外，建议考生先阅读题目再返回到文章读文意，也就是带着问题读文章，这样便于节省时间，提高答题效率。
步骤一：在阅读题目时不可盲目，要有很强的目的性，准确确定题目中的关键词，然后寻找关键词在文章中所在的句子及段落
所谓关键词是指：
1.名词或名词性短语
2.专有名词;
3.形容(幅)词或形容(副)词性短语;
4.数字或年代。
注意：
a.文章标题中的单词一般不宜作为关键词;
b.在文章中出现频率较高的词一般不宜作为关键词;
c.动词一般不宜作为关键词。
将题目中的关键词与每段话的第一句相对照。有些题目能先定位到原文中的一个段落，这必将大大加快解题时间，并提高准确率。但并不是每个题目都能先定位到原文中的一个段落的。
步骤二：判断，根据下列原则和规律，确定正确答案
选择A、B或C的三种情况：
1.选A的情况：如果某题干与原文信息完全一致或基本一致。
2.选B的情况：如果某题干与原文信息完全相反。
3.选C的情况：如果某题干部分或局部信息在原文中未提到。

㈧ 职称英语考试题型有哪些

职称英语考复试题型共如制下六部分：
第1部分：词汇选项(第1-15题，每题1分，共15分)
第2部分：阅读判断(第16-22题，每题1分，共7分)
第3部分：概括大意与完成句子(第23-30题，每题1分，共8分)
第4部分：阅读理解(第31-45题，每题3分，共45分)
第5部分：补全短文(第46-50题，每题2分，共10分)
第6部分：完形填空(第51-65题，每题1分，共15分)

职称英语考试有三个级别，A、B、C三个等级的考试各由6个部分组成，每个级别的考试题型一样、题量相同，但不同级别考试总的阅读量及难易程度不同。考试主要考查考生理解书面英语的能力。

㈨ 2010年职称英语理工A试题及答案

这个怎么样？：2010年职称英语理工类A级真题答案及解析（一）词汇选项funny – humorous appalling – terriblediligent – hardworkingdecent – goodput up with – toleratedemolish – disproveturmoil – confusionhazard – dangermerge – combineresentment – angergraceful – politevague – unclearimmense – greatspur – encouragevigorous – energetic （二）阅读判断California Gives Green Light to Space Solar Power1.Solar-power satellites will use radio waves to beam energy down from space.答案为A： right. 2.Solaren is going to design 200 solar-power satellites.答案为C： Not mentioned3.Earth-based solar cells could collect solar power only when skies are clear.答案为B:出题句: Earth-based solar cells, by contrast, can only collect sunlight ring daytime and when skies are clear. 出题句中提到了“位于地球上的的太阳能电池”收集太阳的两个条件：一个是在白天， 一个是当天空晴朗的时候。 而题干说“只有当天空晴朗的时候位于地球上的的太阳能电池才能收集太阳能”， 因此题干与文章相关内容不一致。4.An advantage of the space-based solar power system is that it is economical.答案为B：出题句为： But space-based solar power must grapple with the high cost per kilogram of launching things into space, says Richard Schwartz of Pure University in West Lafayette, Indiana. “If you're talking about it being economically viable for power of the Earth, it's a tough go,” he says. 出题句说“基于太空的太阳能必须要解决把高成本的问题”， 题干的意义（基于太空的太阳能的一个优势是其经济性）与出题句意义矛盾。 5.Inflatable mirrors are used to rece the weight of the space-based solar power system.该题答案为A： Right6.Space-based solar power will rule out other forms of renewable energy source.该题答案为B：wrong.出题句: Though Boerman says the company believes it can make space-based solar power work, it is not expecting to crowd out other forms of renewable energy. 出题句说“不会排挤掉其他形成的可更新能源”， 题干与出题句意义不一致。7.Many countries will grant permission for the use of the space-based solar power system.该题答案为C： Not mentioned。 （三）概括大意与完成句子B. Natural gas consumptionC. Natural gas reserves and supplyD. Disadvantage of natural gasE. Natural gas pricesF. Clean fuel of choiceNatural GasParagraph 2 A. Popularity and use of natural gasParagraph 3 F. Clean fuel of choiceParagraph 4 B Natural gas consumptionParagraph 5 C Natural gas reserves and supply27-30 AFBD（四）阅读理解阅读第一篇Scientists Make Sweet Discovery很抱歉！第一篇阅读理解缺失。阅读第二篇How the First Stars in the Universe Came into Existence答案为： C，A，D，C，C阅读第三篇The lce man36 The body of the lceman was found in the mountains mainly because√A the melted ice made him visible
B he was just on a mountain passC two Germans were climbing the mountainsD he was lying on the ice37What can be inferred from paragraph2?AThe lceman was killed while working
BThe lceman was struck dead from behindCThe lceman lived a poor life√DThe lceman could have died from the wound in the head38All the following are assumptions once made about the lceman EXCEPTA he was a soldier in World War 1
Bhe was borm about a thousand years agoChe was a Swiss woman’s long-lost father√Dhe came from ltaly39The scientists made the dection that the lceman√Awas probably in some king of a battle
Bhad a tiny hole in his skin causing his death Cwas hit the shoulder by an arrowheadDhad got a wound on the back of his head40The word “bandits”in paragraph 4 could be best replaced byAsoldiers
Bshooters√CrobbersDhunters（五）补全短文I just know how you feel46. He said that the expression of theses feelings are universal and recognizable by anyone, from any culture. 47. Research have also been done find out which areas of the brain read emotional expressions. 48. They decided that it was a mental state that could be preceded by "I feel"or "he looks" or "she sounds"49. Any other method of showing all the 412 emotions, such as words, would have been far less effective. 50. These particular muscles are difficult to control, and few people can do it（六）完形填空Obtaining Drinking Water from Air Humidity Not a plant to be seen．the desert ground is too dry．But the air contains water，and research scientists have found a 1 way of obtaining drinking water from air humidity．The system is based completely on renewable energy and is therefore autonomous． Cracks permeate the dried-out desert ground and the landscape bears testimony to the lack ofwater．But even here，where there are no lakes，rivers or groundwater，considerable quantities of water are stored in the air．In the Negev desertl in Israel，for example，annual average relative air humidity is 64 percent一in every cubic meter of air there are 11.5 milliliters of water． German research scientists have found a way of converting this air humidity autonomously into drinkable water．“The process we have developed is based exclusively on renewable energy sources 2 such as thermal solar collectors and photovoltaic cells， 3 which makes this method completely energy-autonomous．It will 4 therefore function in regions wherethere is no electrical infrastructure．”says Siegfried Egner，head of the research team．The principle of the 5 process is as follows3：hygroscopic brine—saline solution which absorbs moisture—runs down a tower-shaped unit and absorbs water from the air．It is then sucked 6 into a tank a few meters off the ground in which a vacuum prevails4．Energy from solar collectors 7 heats up the brine，which is diluted by the water it has 8 absorbed ． Because of the vacuum，the boiling point of the liquid is lower than it would be under 9 normal atmospheric pressure．This effect is known from the mountains：as the atmospheric pressure there is lower than in the valley，water boils at temperatures distinctlybelow 100℃．The evaporated，non-saline water is condensed and runs down through a completely filled tube in a controlled manner．The gravity of this water column 10 continuously proces the vacuum and so a vacuum pump is not needed．The reconcentrated3 brine 11 runs down the tower surface again to absorb moisture from the air．
“The concept is suitable for various water 12 users ．Single-person units and plantssupplying water to entire hotels are conceivable，”says Egner．Prototypes have been built for 13 both system components—air moisture absorption and vacuum evaporation—and the research scientists have already 14tested their interplay on a laboratory scale．In a further 15 step the researchers intend to develop a demonstrmion facility．词汇： autonomous adj．独立的 thermal adj. 热的 permeate v．遍布 photovoltaic adj．光电的 hygroscopic n．吸湿的 infrastructure n．基础设施 brine n．盐水 interplay n．相互作用 saline adj．含盐的注释： 1．Negev desert：内盖夫沙漠（位于以色列南部的沙漠地区，占以色列国土面积一半以上)。 2．Israel：以色列 3．as follows：如下 4．in which a vacuum prevails：水箱里是真空状态。Which指代的是前半句的tank。prevail意为 “占上风”。 5.reconcentrated：重新浓缩的

㈩ 谁知道，2016年职称英语综合A补全短文真题原文出！

2016年职称英语综合A补全短文教材原文
阅读理解改编补全短文
Sauna【桑拿浴】
Ceremonial bathing has existed for thousands of years and has many forms, one of which is the sauna. The Finns have perfected the steam bath, or sauna, which may be taken, usually in an enclosed room, by pouring water over hot rocks or as dry heat bath. The Japanese, Greeks, Turks and Russians as well as Native Americans have forms of the sweat bath in their bathing rituals. Dry heat and steam baths had advocates in ancient Rome and pre-Columbian Americans used sweat lodges.
The earliest saunas were probably underground caves heated by a fire that naturally filled with smoke as chimney making was unknown at that time. a fire kept in a fire-pit would heat the rock walls of the cave. After reaching full heat, the smoke was let out of the cave and the stones would retain heat for several hours. A few people today say that the smoke sauna, “svusauna”, is the only true sauna experience and that all saunas should have at least a background odor or smoke. Today most saunas use electric stoves, although gas and wood-burning stoves are available.
Saunas are relaxing and stress relieving. Those with muscle aches or arthritis may find that the heat relaxes muscles and relieves pain and inflammation. Asthma patients find that the heat enlarges air passageways of the lung and facilitates breathing. Saunas do not cure the common cold but t hey may help to alleviate congestion and speed recovery time. The body’s core temperature usually rises a 1-2 degrees while in the sauna, thus imitating a slight fever. The regular use of a sauna may decrease the likelihood of getting a cold in the first place.
Sauna is goof for your skin as the blood flow to the skin increases and sweating occurs. Alts sweat about 2 lbs of water per hour on average in a sauna. A good sweat removes dirt and grime from pores and gives the skin a healthy glow. The loss in water weight is temporary as the body’s physiological mechanisms will quickly restore proper volumes. The cardiovascular system gets work out as the heart must pump harder and faster to move blood to the surface for heat exchange. Heart rate may increase from 72 beats per minute on average to 100-150 beats per minute.
A normal heart can handle these stresses but those with heart trouble wishing to begin to use a sauna should seek a doctor’s advice. The elderly and those with diabetes should check with their doctor prior to beginning to take saunas. Pregnant women should not take saunas, particularly in the first three months. Indeed, everyone just starting out should take short sessions at first to become accustomed to this type of bath.
文章中文翻译：
桑拿浴
仪式性的沐浴已经有几千年的历史，并且有多种形式，其中的一种就是桑拿浴。芬兰人完善了蒸汽浴。它可以在一个封闭的房间里将水浇在滚烫的石头上，或是一种干的蒸汽浴这一形式。用热蒸汽干蒸的方式在古罗马很受欢迎，而哥伦布发现美洲大陆前的美洲人则使用充满蒸汽的小屋。
最早的桑拿浴很有可能是在地下山洞里。由于当时还没有掌握烟囱技术，山洞里总是充满着火焰引起的浓烟。人们在火槽里生火，加热山洞的四壁。当墙壁达到一定的温度时，将浓烟排出洞外，这使得墙壁还能保持几个小时的高温。今天，有一些人认为有烟的桑拿浴，“烟熏桑拿”，才是真正的桑拿体验，而所有的桑拿浴都应该至少有烟熏或烟味儿的背景。现在，尽管煤油炉和烧木头的火炉仍然可以使用，大多数的桑拿浴都是用电炉。
桑拿浴能使人放松并消除压力。肌肉疼痛或关节炎都可以利用桑拿浴的热气减轻疼痛和炎症。热气还可以拓展哮喘患者的肺部通道，使呼吸更加顺畅。桑那浴并不能治愈普通的感冒，但它可以减轻患者的胸闷感，加快康复的速度。在蒸桑拿时，人体温度通常会上升1~2度，就像发低烧一样的感觉。因此，蒸桑拿可以说是印证了一句老话：“伤风时宜吃，发热时宜热。”定期蒸桑拿可以预防感冒的发生。
蒸桑拿对皮肤也有好处。它可以促进皮肤的血液循环和出汗。在这个过程中，成年人一般每小时要蒸发2磅的水。出汗可以清除毛孔中的污垢，使皮肤变得光洁。失水只是暂时性的，人体机能能够很快补充合适的水量。在热气交换的过程中，心脏跳动得更快，这就使心血管系统也得到了锻炼，蒸桑拿浴时的心率能从原来的平均每分钟72下，增加到100~150下。
健康的心脏可以承受这种变化，而那些心脏病患者在蒸桑拿浴之前应该先征求医生的建议。同样的，老年人和糖尿病患者也应如此。孕妇则不能蒸桑拿浴，尤其是怀孕的头三个月。其实，每个人在刚开始尝试桑拿浴时都应该先是短时间的，直到适应了这种沐浴方式。