达尔文进化论阅读理解英语

㈠ 我想找几篇关于达尔文进化论缺陷的英文文献，来写论文 大概三篇左右！ 拜托了！！！！

达尔文的《进化论》及缺陷
（同济大学生命科学与技术学院）

“我从哪里来”是人类历史最关注的问题之一，进化论者和创造论者争论的焦点也在于是谁创造了世界，谁创造了生物和人类。这一问题不仅仅是简单层面上的科学问题，更是关系政治、宗教、科学和文化的重要问题。19世纪中叶，达尔文首次对这一问题进行了有科学依据的解释，“物竞天择，适者生存”作为达尔文进化论的核心思想，一直被教科书视为进化的根本原因。然而对于达尔文的进化论还存在很多争议，其本身也存在一定的缺陷。对达尔文进化论及创造论的解读及深入研究对人们解决自身人类起源至关重要。

提及反进化论者，人们首先想到的是有宗教信仰的人，但并非所有的反进化论者都为基督教徒，也有较多的非宗教信仰的科学家。虽然现今许多科学实验已经为进化论提供了论据，但进化论最初提出也仅仅作为一种假说，至今为止也没有证据证明该假说的正确，同时该理论所不能解释的问题也存有较多。自然条件是经常变化的，栖息在其中的生物也必然随之发生变化。现代生存的生物都是由过去生活过的生物演变来的，而且每种生物一般也是同它的生活环境相适应的。生命在地球上起源于约35亿年前，大气的成分在太阳的照射下形成了最初的氨基酸等有机分子，进一步整合成蛋白质、核苷酸等生命分子，复杂的生命分子相互作用，经长期的进化，产生了各种类型的生物。这是达尔文的进化论的主要内容。

随着科学技术的进步，不断有新的实验证据来证明进化论的正确性，同时也不断的有考古事实来冲击此理论。下面就达尔文进化论存在的一些问题作较为详细的介绍。
远古大气合成有机物概率极低
在20世纪60年代早期，科学家们发现了合成腺嘌呤的极其有趣的方法，他们发现氰化氢和氨的简单分子——被认为是早期地球上十分丰富的物质，并在适当的条件下将形成腺嘌呤，此反应被称为生命起源的研究者们“信仰的基石”；但在接下来的实验中，虽然生物体中的20钟氨基酸都得以合成，但很大一部分是实验条件极端苛刻，在精确地人为控制下合成的，如果远古地球上的条件真的与那些不成功的实验条件相似，那么，氨基酸实际上根本就不会存在。即使，20种氨基酸确实以这种方式合成了，把氨基酸聚合起来也是非常难的。这些实验似乎证实了进化论的可能性，但更多的人在这极微的可能性中对进化论产生了怀疑。

寒武纪大爆发难以解释
达尔文学说的核心是选择，然而这一核心并没有解决生物进化的动力问题，也就是遗传特性如何发生变异和形成物种的问题。从基因水平上看，基因发生突变是随机的，事实上，大部分突变对基因编码的蛋白质并没有影响，或者即使基因的改变使其所编码的蛋白质发生了改变也不一定对其功能产生影响，表型并不发生改变，也就是说基因的突变一般为中性突变，并不会经受自然的选择压力。这使得量变到质变的积累变得相当困难，也就因而无法解释寒武纪时期生物种类的大爆炸。虽然，“收割理论”能够在一定程度上解释，但仍没有直接的证据来证明其正确性。

㈡ GRE1 一篇关于达尔文进化论的阅读理解的答案。求。谢谢

许多进化论者（包括我自己）开始挑战这种合成观点，主张层次论，即不同层次的进化专往属往反映不同的原因。种群内进行微小的调整可能是渐进的和适应性的。但物种形成可以通过主要染色体的改变来实现，物种的这些染色体改变不受其他物种的干扰，其原因与该物种的适应性无关。进化趋势可能代表了本质上为静态物种的一种更高层次的自我选择，而并非是一个单一的种群经过长年累月的缓慢而持续的演变。

译文仅供参考，希望能帮到你。

㈢ 达尔文进化论的读书心得

达尔文回顾一生的道路时，曾谈到两种气质对他的帮助。 首先是“保持思想自由”。1881年，他告诉人们，自己遵循这样一条治学原则：“我曾坚定地努力保持我的思想的自由，以便一旦事实证明这些假说不符合事实时，就丢掉我无论多么爱好的假设（而我不能反对每一问题成立一种假设），除此之外，我并没有别的办法。”考虑到当时宗教的社会习惯势力和神学的影响，考虑到研究进化论这一问题本身的难度，我们可以体会“保持思想自由”对达尔文是特别有意义的。 “保持思想自由”在达尔文身上具体表现为富有怀疑精神和不自满、不保守。 无须说，他的进化论是对当时宗教神学观的叛逆，是大胆怀疑的产物。 他一生最感谢和尊重两位导师，一个是汉斯罗，一个是赖尔。他恳切地接受导师的指导，但这并不妨碍他保持自己的风格，具有自己的思考。例如，汉斯罗认为缠绕植物的运动是由于它们本身具有一种盘旋生长的自然倾向，可是达尔文根据自己对花房中栽培的攀缘植物的观察，提出：“卷须植物或攀缘植物的运动是一种对生活环境的适应，以获取较大的阳光面和较多的空气，利于生存和生长，不这样的话，它们很难生活下去。”又例如，赖尔关于珊瑚礁的形成，曾提出一个火山口理论。人们相信赖尔，谁也不去怀疑。可是达尔文根据自己的观察提出了疑问：“新的事实似乎不像赖尔所说的那样。”他认为珊瑚礁的形成与火山没有必然的联系，它是珊瑚虫长年累月筑成的。 后来他自己成了权威，但这并没有使他变得保守和谨小慎微起来，而是仍然富有怀疑和进取心。有一次，他读着刚出版不久的《血族婚姻》一书，作者引用比利时一位学者发表在权威杂志《比利时皇家学会会报》上的一段实验资料：用近亲的兔子交配许多代，丝毫没有发生有害的后果。人们对权威报刊上的文章，习惯于不去怀疑。但达尔文认为，这一实验报告是站不住脚的，于是写信给那家杂志，提出自己的见解，询问实验是否真实。果然，不久他得到回复，那个实验报告是伪造的。 达尔文从来不以伟人自居，他知道虚怀若谷对科学的价值。因此，他不能接受任何吹捧自己、贬低旁人的做法，面对别人的这种行为，他会直言相告：“反对您加在我们那些伟人身上的巨大重要性；我惯常认为：第二、三、四流人物都极为重要，至少在科学家方面是这样的。” 对自己的理论，他决不抱守一隅，而是不厌深思，反复琢磨。关于遗传的机制，他曾提出“泛生论”的假说，认为从身体各部输出一种名为“pangen”的粒子聚向生殖细胞，以此解释身体的变化即获得性状向子代的遗传。这一假说发表后，有些学者提出异议，达尔文很注意这些批评。例如对意大利植物学家菲得利克·德尔宾诺（18331905）的批评，他表示：“他反对这个假说，但批评得公正；我发现他的批评很有用处。”此后，他们经常通信，讨论植物学问题。也正是在认真考虑批评意见的基础上，达尔文在《物种起源》第六版中，删去了有关泛生论假说的论述。从这个事实，我们可以略见他虚心、严谨的治学之风。当然，从他1842年整理出“物种起源草稿”，直到1859年才发表《物种起源》一书的事实，我们更能体会到他的“不厌深思”之“深”。

㈣ 达尔文的进化论英文名字是什么

"Natural
selection"
"Darwinism"
如果你说的是达尔文写的那本书是叫;
"On
the
Origin
of
Species"
(啊哈哈;
我很喜欢那家伙;
所以都知道.
:D)
那书是ON
The
origin
of
Species.
我肯回定.
我常常都会写报告;
都要写答关于达尔文的.

㈤ 高分求达尔文进化论常识性英文简介

佳答案
现代生物学之父：查尔斯·达尔文
http://www.sina.com.cn 2004/06/17 11:37 英语广场

Father of Modern Biology: Charles Darwin

Charles Darwin's whole life was changed by one lucky chance. In 1831, before he went on the voyage1 of the Beagle2, he was a very ordinary young man of twenty-two. No one in England—certainly not Darwin himself —had any idea of the future he had before him.

His sister Caroline gave him his first lessons. He was both lazy and naughty, and everyone was glad that he went away to school after his mother's death when he was eight.

Charles soon became a keen collector. He collected anything that caught his interest: insects3, seashells, coins and interesting stones. He said later that his collection prepared him for his work as a naturalist4.

He was not a very clever boy, but Charles was good at doing the things that interested him. He also took pleasure in carrying out experiments. But he could not learn Latin and Greek which in those days were an important part of ecation. He was a disappointment to his father, who was sure that he would bring nothing but shame to himself and his family.

In 1825, when Charles was sixteen, his father sent him to Edinburgh to study medicine, saying ：“ you like natural history5 so much, perhaps we can make a doctor of you.”

But Charles found the lectures boring, and the dissections6 frightening. But at Edinburgh he was able to go to natural history lectures. In 1826 he read a paper on sea-worms to the Natural History Society. This paper was his first known work on this subject.

Then his father decided to send Charles to Cambridge University to study to become a priest. With hard work, he did quite well. And, in the countryside around Cambridge, he was able to shoot, fish and collect insects.

He seemed likely to become a country priest like hundreds of others, sharing his time between his work and his interest in natural history and country life. He had a deep faith in God and a lasting interest in religion7. At this time he did not doubt that every word of the Bible was true.

Then a letter from Captain Robert FitzRoy changed his life. FitzRoy was planning to make a voyage around the world on a ship called the Beagle. He wanted a naturalist to join the ship, and Darwin was recommended8. That voyage was the start of Charles Darwin's great life work.

In those days a great many people believed that every word written in the Bible was true. Darwin hoped that the plants and animals that they found in the course of their voyage would prove the truth of the Bible story of the great Flood9.

He began to observe everything. When they got to Rio de Janeiro in South America, Charles was overcome with joy to see so many different creatures, so much life and colour. His notebooks were full of detailed observations.

Then they reached dry land at Punta Alta. There Darwin discovered his first fossils10. Why, he wondered, were there horse bones at Punta Alta, when there had been no horses in the New World until Cortez brought his from Spain11?

They came to Tierra del Fuego at the tip of South America. It was a strange place, with terrible storms. Its people grew no food, and they slept on the wet ground. Darwin observed their looks and habits.

“How can people be so different, if all are descended12 from Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden?” Charles wondered.

A trip into the mountains showed Darwin seashells at a height of 12,000 feet. Lower down were fossil trees.

“So those trees once stood by the sea,” thought Darwin. “The sea came up and covered them. Then the sea-bed rose up...”. To a man who had been taught that every word in the Bible was true, this was very puzzling.

In Chile, where Darwin saw earthquakes and volcanoes, he began to see what must have happened. The centre of the earth, he decided, was very hot. The surface of the earth was thinner in some places. It was in these places that earthquakes and volcanoes developed.

As the Beagle sailed around the world, Darwin began to wonder how life had developed on earth. He saw volcanic islands in the sea, and wondered how living things had got there.

But people who believed every word of the Bible thought that God had made all creatures and Man. But, if that was true, why did some of the fossils look like “mistakes” which had failed to change and, for that reason, died out?

On went Beagle, to Tahiti13, New Zealand and Australia. There, Darwin saw coral and coral islands for the first time. How had these islands come about14? Soon, he had the answer. Coral was made up of the bodies of millions of tiny creatures, piled up over millions of years —a million years for each island. Darwin wrote it all down in his notebooks.

After five years he was home. He was never again the healthy young man who climbed mountains and carried heavy bags of fossils for miles.

He set to work, getting his collection in order. And, in 1839, he married his cousin15, Emma Wedgwood. It was a happy marriage with ten children. He could be found working in his study, with a child beside him.

His first great work The Zoology of the Beagle was well received, but he was slow to make public his ideas on the origins16 of life. He was certainly very worried about disagreeing with the accepted views of the Church.

Happily, the naturalists at Cambridge persuaded Darwin that he must make his ideas public. So Darwin and Wallace, another naturalist who had the same opinions as Darwin, proced a paper together. A year later Darwin's great book, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection appeared. It attracted a storm.

People thought that Darwin was saying they were descended from monkeys. What a shameful idea! Although most scientists agreed that Darwin was right and that the story of Adam and Eve was merely a story, the Church was still so strong that Darwin never received any honours for his work.

Many years later, he published his other great work, The Descent of Man. He gave a lecture at the Royal Institution17, when the whole audience stood up and clapped18.

His health grew worse, but still he worked. “When I have to give up observation, I shall die,” he said. He was still working on 17, April, 1882. He was dead two days later.
翻译

现代生物学之父：查尔斯·达尔文
一次偶然的机遇改变了查尔斯·达尔文的一生。1831年踏上贝格尔号的航程之前，他还是个普普通通的22岁青年。没有人，当然也包括他自己，知道他的未来是什么样子。

姐姐卡罗琳教会了他许多人生第一课。他是个懒惰又淘气的孩子，8岁那年母亲去世后他总算进了学校，人人都为此而高兴。

不久查尔斯爱上了收集，收集所有他感兴趣的东西：昆虫呀、海贝呀，还有硬币和奇形怪状的石头。他后来说这些收集为他成为博物学家打下了基础。

查尔斯并不是个特别聪明的孩子，但只要感兴趣的事情他都做得很棒。他还喜欢做各种试验，但却学不好拉丁文和希腊文，这在当时的教育中可是很重要的一部分。父亲对他颇感失望，认定他只会一事无成，辱没家门。

1825年，查尔斯16岁，父亲将他送到爱丁堡学医，说“既然你如此喜欢博物学，或许我们可以把你培养成一名医生。”

但是查尔斯却烦透了那些讲座，也惧怕解剖，不过在爱丁堡他可以去听博物学方面的讲座。1826年，他在博物学社宣读了一篇有关海船蛀虫的文章，这是该领域中他第一篇为人所知的作品。

随后他父亲决定送他去剑桥大学学习，将来当一名牧师。由于刻苦努力，他学得相当不错，而且得以在剑桥附近的乡村射猎、钓鱼以及收集各种昆虫。

看来，他像数以百计的其他学生一样可能成为一位乡村牧师，工作的同时，还可以兼顾自己对博物学和乡村生活的兴趣。他笃信上帝，对宗教有不减的热情。当时他毫不怀疑《圣经》字字真实。

可是一封来自罗伯特·菲茨洛伊船长的信改变了他的一生。菲茨洛伊计划驾驶“贝格尔号”海船做一次环球航行，他想要一位博物学家加盟，有人推荐了达尔文。此次航海成为查尔斯终生伟业的起点。

那时很多人笃信《圣经》。达尔文希望航海过程中发现的各种动植物能证明《圣经》中有关那场洪水的文字确有其事。

他开始对万物进行观察。他们到达南美洲的里约热内卢时，看到种类如此繁多的生物，那么生机盎然而色彩斑斓，查尔斯欣喜若狂，他的笔记本上全是详细的观察记录。

随后他们到了Punta Alta 的干旱地带，达尔文在那儿发现了首批化石。奇怪的是，Cortez将马从西班牙带进美洲之前，Punta Alta是没有马的，为什么却有马骨化石呢？

他们又去了南美洲南端的火地岛。那是个奇异的地方，狂风暴雨不断，当地人不种粮食作物，而且在湿漉漉的地上席地而眠。达尔文仔细观察他们的相貌和习惯。

“如果人类都是伊甸园亚当和夏娃的后代，为什么又如此不同呢？”查尔斯感到纳闷。

在海拔一万两千英尺的山上，达尔文发现了海贝，稍低处还有树木化石。

达尔文想：“这么说这些树原来长在海边，海水上涨淹没了它们，后来海底上升了……。”对一个向来接受《圣经》字字箴言灌输的人来说，这真让人疑惑不解。

在智利，达尔文亲眼目睹了地震和火山，他开始明白其中的原因。他认为，地球中心非常炽热，地球表面某些地方要薄一些，地震和火山往往爆发于这些地方。

跟随着贝格尔号做环球航行，达尔文开始思考地球上生命的演变。他看到海中的火山岛，就会对那里生物的由来感到好奇。

而笃信《圣经》的人认为所有的生物和人类都是上帝创造的。可果真如此，为什么有的化石看起来像是上帝的“失误”？它们未能适应变化，也因此而绝迹了。

贝格尔号继续航行至塔希提岛、新西兰和澳大利亚。达尔文在那些地方第一次见到了珊瑚和珊瑚岛。这些岛是怎么形成的？很快，他就有了答案。珊瑚由数百万微小生物的遗骸组成，经过数百万年的堆积，每一百万年就形成了一座岛屿。达尔文将这一切写进他的笔记里。

五年后他回到家，不再是那个能翻山越岭、并扛着沉重的化石一口气行走数英里的健康小伙儿了。

他着手整理他的收集物。1839年，他和表妹艾玛·维奇伍德结婚，婚后生活幸福，育有十个孩子。人们发现他在书房工作时，总有一个孩子在身旁。

他的第一部大作《贝格尔号的生态园》颇受欢迎，但他却不急于将自己对生命起源的看法公诸于世，他确实非常担心自己的理论与教会广为接受的观点发生冲突。

所幸剑桥大学的博物学家们都劝说达尔文公开他的观点，因此达尔文和另一位持相同观点的博物学家瓦雷斯共同发表了一篇文章。一年后，他的巨著《物竞天择，物种起源》问世并掀起了轩然大波。

人们认为达尔文在说人是猴子的后代，这种观点简直有失体面！虽然大多数科学家同意达尔文是对的，亚当和夏娃之说仅仅是故事而已，但教会的力量如此强大，这部著作没有给达尔文带来任何荣誉。

许多年后，他出版了另一部名著《人类的演化》。他在皇家研究院作了一次演讲，全场听众一致起立为之鼓掌。

他的健康每况愈下，但他工作不止，并说“我不得不放弃观察的时候，我也就完了。”1882年4月17日还在工作的他，两天以后与世长辞。

这里有个十分简单的:1. Darwin's evolutionary theory and its impact

Charles Darwin(1809-1882) was an English naturalist and author. His Origin of Species (1859) and Decent of Men (1871) exerted a strong impact in the history of Western thought. In his books, Darwin hypothesized that over the millennia man had evolved from lower forms of life. Humans were special, not because God had created them in His image, but because they had successfully adapted to changing environmental conditions and had passed on their survival?making characteristics genetically. Survival of the fittest is the fact or principle of the survival of the forms of plant and animal life best fitted for existing conditions, while related but less fit forms become extinct.

㈥ 中考英语阅读理解 达尔文几岁时发表进化论 为什么答案时45岁而不是50岁

达尔文于1859年正式发表进化论

㈦ 达尔文进化论的主要内容

他认为，生物之间存在着生存斗争，适应者生存下来，不适者则被淘汰，这就是自然的选择。生物正是通过遗传、变异和自然选择，从低级到高级，从简单到复杂，种类由少到多地进化着、发展着.“物竞天择，适者生存”。

㈧ 达尔文进化论影响，英文版

对中国影响主要是抄不是在生物袭学方面。严复翻译进来后主要作为打破思想禁锢依据了来着。比较类似于社会达尔文主义，记得鲁迅也受其影响，优胜劣汰和竞争思想对于革命的爆发有一定的积极影响，不过和达尔文的原意关系不大。个人见解。

㈨ 达尔文的进化论英文名字是什么

《The Origin of Species》
《物种起源》