初中英语阅读问题类

1. 中学生英语阅读的障碍有哪些

中学生英语阅读障碍及对策

【摘要】如何培养和训练中学生的英语阅读能力? 本文从如何排除学生阅读障碍的角度进行了分析, 指出中学生在阅读中存在心理障碍、词汇障碍、语法障碍、语篇障碍、技能障碍和文化障碍,教师只有帮助学生克服这些障碍, 才能真正提高学生的阅读能力。

【关键词】中学生; 英语阅读; 障碍; 对策
在中学英语阅读教学中, 笔者发现学生在阅读中存在心理障碍、词汇障碍、语法障碍、语篇障碍、技能障碍和文化障碍。对此, 笔者提出几点解决对策, 希望对提高学生的阅读能力有所帮助。
一、心理障碍及对策
心理学家告诉我们, 当人们在阅读时如情绪处于紧张焦虑状态, 就容易产生恐惧心理, 其阅读理解能力就不能正常发挥。不少学生在阅读时缺乏信心, 急于求成, 心情急躁, 这些不健康的阅读心理客观上限制了学生阅读能力的发展。 对策: 重视非语言因素的培养, 激发学生的阅读兴趣
教师不但要传授英语知识, 而且要关注学生的阅读心理, 消除他们的急躁、恐惧、恼怒等消极情感体验, 排除干扰。因此, 对学生进行一定的心理教育与指导是完全必要的。另外, 兴趣就是动力, 正如心理学家皮亚杰所说, 兴趣是能量的调节者, 它的加入能产生存储内心的力量。
初中生正处在青春发育的年龄段, 他们的求知欲极强, 为了满足他们的这种要求, 教师在取材时, 一定要注意材料的趣味性, 尽量避免文章题材单一、内容枯燥。教师可以从网上下载一些笑话或幽默故事, 还可以对阅读材料进行分类, 增强学生的阅读兴趣, 从而培养学生良好的阅读心理。例如: 教师可以根据Fun with English 教材的阅读课文进行分类, 大致把它们分为写人、记事、科技文章和寓言故事等。写人的文章一般是写人的爱好、特点、个人成长的经历和突出贡献; 记事的文章是交代时间、地点、人物、事件的经过; 寓言故事的趣味性强; 科技文章比较枯燥, 但教师能向学生讲清楚文章的特点, 这类文章是以一系列的数据和调查结果说明问题的特点。让学生了解各种文章的类型,掌握文章的特点, 对于提高他们的阅读理解能力和速度都有很大的作用, 让学生体验成功, 激发学生的阅读兴趣。

二、词汇障碍及对策
词汇障碍主要体现在以下几个方面: 阅读材料中加注中文的生词。调查表明, 这类词在学生实际阅读中同样存在一定的干扰。尤其在篇幅较长的材料中, 当该词在下文再次出现时, 学生会误以为是生词。另外, 这类词的派生词在后来的材料中也不作生词对待; 已学词汇的派生词,这类词在阅读材料中有很多; 有新义的熟词, 这类词与学生已经掌握的意思完全不同, 实际上就是生词; 课标允许在阅读材料中存在的约3% 的生词。 对策: 最大限度地扩大学生的词汇量
l. 通过构词法来增加词汇量
英语现有的词汇大部分是通过构词法结合的。教师可向学生介绍英语中常见的三种构词法: 转化法、合成法、派生法。通过分类比较, 尤其是让学生掌握最常用的前缀和后缀的含义及用法, 使他们能够由已知的词“猜出”它的派生词及其词性, 从而达到巩固和扩大词汇量的目的。
2. 通过文中所给的信息猜测新词的含义正常情况下, 对于文中的新词, 出题者会给以相应的提示, 使学生可以通过上下文猜测词义。
如:
①通过文章中的同义词或反义词来猜词义。如: Influenzais sometimes called flu or a bad cold.(根据上下文可以猜出, Influenza 是a bad cold 的同义词, 意为“流感”) Most dentists’offices are drab place, but Emilion’snew officeis a bright and cheerful place. ( 根据上下文可以猜出drab 是cheerful 或bright 的反义词, 意为“死气沉沉的, 阴暗的”)
②根据语法结构、标点符号等猜测生词词义。如: Thescientists who study insects are called entomologists. ( 根据定语从句提供的线索可以猜出entomologists 意为“昆虫学家”) 。
③根据普通常识来猜测生词词义。如: The OlympicGames were to be competed in good spirit. The idea was toparticipate and not to win . ( 根据常识, 可以判断participate有“参与”“参加”的含义。因为“奥运会提倡良好的比赛精神, 其宗旨是参与而不是论输赢”。)
3. 广泛阅读, 扩大词汇量
要学生记住这样一句话: “To build a strong vocabulary,you need to read well.”大量的阅读不但可以使学生重复、掌握已学词汇, 更重要的是能使学生接触新词, 获得新知, 它是扩大词汇量的有效途径。阅读材料(书目)可由教师推荐和学生自选相结合, 材料要足量、真实、新颖且题材广泛, 以满足学生各自的阅读兴趣。
阅读过程中, 教师要引导学生在阅读时留心那些反复出现的关键词、固定搭配及句型, 并将自己所感兴趣的新词或句型摘录下来; 要鼓励学生运用读书笔记等形式加以巩固。在教学中通过开展一些趣味性词汇联想活动, 可以激发学生兴趣, 达到巩固和加深印象的目的, 如让学生按单词首尾字母连续不断说出(或写出)一连串词汇, 比一比谁连得多且词语新。这种“词语一条龙”通常按首尾一个字母展开, 如: worker → rewrite→ email → latest → tough → harvest → ..., 也可按两个字母展开, 如: rewrite → telegraph → photo → total → alone→ neat → attention → ...等。

三、语法障碍及对策
纵观近几年各省中考阅读材料, 不难发现一个显著的特点: 阅读材料的语言地道流畅, 语法结构复杂, 运用了大量的复合句、省略句、倒装句, 语言表达富于变化, 隐含信息分布广。考生即使读懂了表面文字, 但如果缺乏深厚的语法功底, 那么要想迅速领悟语篇的意思而准确答题也是不太可能的。
对策: 巩固学生的语法基础知识, 奠定良好的阅读基础语法知识在阅读中起着不可忽视的辅助作用。掌握一些语法知识能帮助学生对句子进行适当的分析, 搞清各部分之间的关系, 准确理解一些长句、难句的意思。教师要有意识地指导学生借助语法分析, 找出句子的主干, 即句子的主语和谓语; 找出句子的修饰成分, 即句子的定语、状语及补语, 使学生经过逐级逐层的分析, 就能如同疱丁解牛一样, 把疑难的句子变得迎刃而解。同时, 笔者认为这里对语法知识不能进行过细过深的分析, 要使学生自觉地把语法作为一种阅读的手段, 真正做到活学活用, 达到化枯燥为趣味的境界。 四、语篇障碍及对策
语篇障碍表现为: 归纳能力不强。许多学生可以理解单个句子, 但无法归纳文章的中心、作者的立意以及行文线索, 不能从整体上把握文章; 推理能力薄弱。拘泥于文章的浅层表征, 不能对多个相关陈述点进行有效推理以揣摩出作者的真实意图, 把握文章的深层含义; 感受能力欠缺。感受不到作者的心声, 发现不了文章背后的美。
对策: 重视语篇分析, 强化学生的语篇意识要消除学生阅读时的语篇障碍, 首先必须分析其形成的原因。长期以来, 在英语教学中, 处于主导地位的教师往往过多地重视对语法知识的讲授, 采用由部分到整体、自上而下的以语法为线的教学模式, 这不仅不利于对学生语篇分析能力的培养, 导致学生不能把握语段以及语段之间的语义关系直至整个语篇的中心, 而且也由于脱离了生动真实的语境而使学生所掌握的知识得不到落实和巩固。为此, 教师在课文教学以及对阅读理解题的讲评时一定要解放思想, 引导学生从篇章分析入手, 运用已知的语言知识获得对全篇的整体理解, 并进而分析段落大意和主旨。在此基础上, 再将材料中的语言难点置于具体的语境中进行语法分析, 不仅可以强化学生的语篇、语用意识以及语篇、语用能力, 同时又能使学生更深刻地掌握语言知识。
1. 帮助学生建立语篇图式
图式对文章的语篇结构乃至内容的理解起着十分重要的作用。如是线性结构, 应注意该文的时空顺序、主要情节及其发展; 如是层次结构, 则可引导学生寻找主题句、分主题句、用于支撑主题的事实。教师应尽可能使用一些直观手段, 如板书、投影、显示归纳全文内容的图解、表格、简笔画等, 帮助学生构建较详细的语义图像, 再让学生根据图式, 结合关键词句, 用自己的话把文章的主要情节和内容简明扼要地表达出来。教师也可以让学生根据内容画出相应的图式。
2. 话题讨论
现行英语教材在编排单元教学内容时确立了“一个单元, 一个话题”的模式。阅读教学第一步应该从围绕本单元话题的“热身”开始, 活动的形式可不拘一格, 丰富多彩,如: 看图说话, 自由辩论, 以小见大, 以大见小, 小自个人、家庭、班级、学校, 大到国家、社会, 古今中外无不能容。话题讨论活动既能激发学生学习兴趣与动机, 又能“软化”本单元教学内容中的“硬骨头”, 还能使课堂学习气氛轰轰烈烈, 富有生机。话题讨论的走向需要教师在课前做好精心设计。其中, 最重要的原则就是要符合学生实际, 要围绕着主题来进行讨论。只要给学生充分的空间去想象, 他们就能根据所学的知识信息, 将自己的观点表述出来。通过讨论可以进一步理解作者的写作意图和观点等, 挖掘文章的亮点。
3. 分角色表演
教师可以视阅读内容而定, 让学生将文章内容改成对话形式, 再加上动作表演出来, 会使他们有亲临现场的感觉。
4. 阅读后的书写巩固
心理学家认为, 书写是大脑神经和手部肌肉相结合的一种运动。进一步巩固已获取的语言信息, 对学生的记忆训练、思维训练都有很大的帮助。教师可以根据文章内容, 把语言形式和语言意义结合起来, 灵活设计笔头练习,可以是对话填空, 可以是听写填空, 也可以是根据首字母完成单词填空以及缩写、改写、续写课文或其中一段, 以便让学生灵活运用所学语言。
五、技能障碍及对策
所谓技能障碍, 是指阅读者因不良的阅读习惯或缺乏正确的语篇阅读技巧所造成的阅读障碍。如, 不良的阅读习惯, 表现为逐词阅读, 有的轻声口读或用笔尖点读, 缺少以意群为单位通过视觉直接接受文字信号的能力。这样的阅读阻碍了对语句、语段的直接理解, 以致反复不断地回读, 这种徘徊式阅读方式会使阅读质量及其速度大打折扣; 缺乏必要的语篇阅读技巧, 包括: 如何猜测词义, 如何进行语法分析, 如何识别各种句子的功能并利用逻辑承接语, 如何寻找文章脉络、准确找出并理解材料细节, 如何根据不同的语篇类型找出主题句、判断主旨和大意等。
对策: 重视阅读习惯与技能的培养学生接触英语的机会主要是通过阅读。要提高阅读水平, 首先必须培养学生良好的阅读习惯, 其次就是掌握必要的阅读技能。
1. 效率优先, 限时阅读
每读一篇文章都要限定时间讲求效率。培养学生进行严格的限时阅读训练, 要求学生用眼和脑快速扫视阅读, 视幅要宽, 视时要短, 要一目十行, 只求抓住文章大意,不追究细节。教师可以根据学生的学习程度选择难度相当的材料给他们进行系统训练, 由易到难, 逐步加深。只有达到一定的阅读速度, 学生的阅读理解水平才能真正落实到实处, 学生也才能真正感受到阅读的快乐和成就感。这里要注意两点: 一是材料难度应稍高于学习者的阅读水平;二是要有理解题, 便于学生自测, 若错误率偏高, 应适当调整读速。
2. 讲究技巧, 科学阅读
首先, 告诉学生那种出声读、用手指阅读的方法会分散注意力, 影响阅读速度, 要使他们深切地体会到要“改革”自己的阅读方法。
教给学生几种常见的阅读方法, 如:
( 1) 略读、查读、跳读等。培养学生快速查找并认知题目所要求的对象;
例如:
①在下列每一组单词中快速找出一个与括号内单词相同的词。(father) fatter further fartherfaster farmer father feather rather;
②在下列各组单词中快速找到两个相同的词。white waiter water wanderwonder waiter winter wetter.
( 2) 猜测词义。如从上下文提供的同义词、反义词、语法结构(如同位语、定语从句等)、标点符号(如破折号等)、常识、构词法等猜测生词、谚语及习惯表达。
( 3) 掠读。比如如何寻找主题句( TopicSentence) 。
3. 持之以恒, 天天阅读
每天坚持阅读, 并养成记读书笔记的习惯。通过阅读英文报刊等自己感兴趣的时文, 以在潜移默化中提高自己的阅读水平。
六、文化障碍及对策
阅读实质是一个交际过程, 是读者通过阅读提取所需信息、填补与作者之间原有的“信息沟(Information Gap)”的交际过程。在阅读过程中, 由于两种不同文化背景的存在,因此读者往往可能因为文化背景障碍而影响阅读。

对策: 鼓励学生多多涉猎课外读物, 拓宽文化背景知识
语言是文化的载体。一篇文章, 总会在不同程度上反映作者的身份、地位、观点立场。所以, 对不同国家、地区的风俗、习惯, 不同文化背景下的不同思维方式、表达方式和心态方面知识的了解程度, 会直接影响着学生对阅读材料的理解。教师在教学中不仅要教语言知识, 而且要教文化知识。目前我们使用的教材, 涉及的题材广泛, 可从多方面进行背景教学, 如: 人物背景、历史背景、风俗背景、地理背景等。同时, 学生自己也要广泛地阅读不同类型的文章, 达到拓宽自身背景知识的目的。泛渎教材的选择在整体安排上要做到从易到难, 难度适中, 体裁多样; 材料要具有知识性、趣味性、现实性和目的性; 要符合学生的认知结构, 并有利于教学的循序渐进。
“冰冻三尺, 非一日之寒。”阅读能力的培养是一个循序渐进的过程。教师只有真正认识到阅读的实质所在并采取相应的对策, 不断实践, 勇于探索, 才有希望使学生的阅读速度、阅读水平和阅读理解能力有较大的提高。

2. 请问初中英语阅读题，有什么技巧可以拿高分。

一般而言,这类问题被归结为单词量不够.要解决这个问题,是不是就要多背单词呢?单词是要背,但是要背到要点上.中考大纲,英语的要求是1600字,初中生的阅读要求是2000字,高中生约3000字.这些阅读材料中的单词必然是以大纲中的1600为主,而剩余的,阅读中允许的3%的生词则是在英语约3000的总单词量中去选取.要想靠背诵完全解决生词问题,从这里看似乎不大实际.第一,不是每个生词都是必须看懂的.英语中有大量的词总是大写第一个字母的,而他们也大多属于专有名词,表示人名,地名,事件.第二,有的词是乔装过的.学英语的人都知道,英语中有些词通过前面或者后面加一些字母,就会变成另一个词.如,regular--irregular,kind--kindness,前者通过加-ir变成起否定形式,后者通过在后面加-ness,变成了名词.归纳起来,一般说前缀变词义(如肯否定),后缀变词性.只要记住这个原则,平时在学习是有意识的去检验,积累各种加前后缀的形式,你的单词量将是以倍数增加 第三,有的词是有"前科"的.就阅读这个题型而言,有的词是在文章中有提示的.英语写作有个潜在的规则,词语若非不得已,不要重复.这是同学们写作时,老是告诉大家的话,而这也是,大家做的阅读材料的作者在上学时,他的老师告诉他的话.秉承这个原则,我们可以在文章的结构平行出找到线索.或是反义词,或是近义词.根据文章的具体情况,同学们不难作出一个比较有针对性的选择.第四,有些词是必学的.这里说得必学的就是,大纲要求的单词(如初中的1600词),平时做题总是遇到的单词,生活中会经常遇到的单词.这些词是同学们发挥才智,施展所有做题技巧的基础.在学这些单词时,要做到,有方法、有计划、有恒心.这里我提供一个自己觉得不错的方法,单词表上的词分类,单独把不会的列出来,分批背,不用太急,一天5个,一周五天,一天总复习,一天总默写检查.平时总是遇到又不认识的,用一本笔记本把他们都记下来,划入单词表计划.生活中多观察,新闻,公示语,商标都是提高英语词汇的窗口.

3. 初中英语阅读、完型题各10篇，短点的

part one完形填空One day a crow found 1 . She picked it up in her mouth and 2 a tall tree. She was 3 to eat the meat when a fox saw her. He came and stood under the tree and said, “ 4 beautiful you are!”The crow was very glad 5 hear that.Then the fox spoke again, “I can see your beautiful face, but I’ve not heard your voice. Why 6 you sing a song?”The crow was very happy. She 7 her month and 8 sing. When she opened her mouth, she 9 the meat. The fox picked up the meat at once and went away 10 it.1. A. meat B. a few meat C. a piece of meat2. A. flew to B. fly to C. flew3. A. only B. about C. just4. A. What B. How a C. How5.A. to B. for C. about6. A. not B. don’t C. didn’t 7.A.turned on B. opened C. closed8. A. started B. began C. began to9.A. dropped B. droped C. fell10. A. bring B. to C. with阅读理解 A.判断正误The first Olympics(奥林匹克运动会) took place at Olympia(奥林匹亚) in Greece in 776 BC(公元前), almost 3000 years ago. Many different sports, such as boxing(拳击), running, and throwing the discus(铁饼), were played there, though(尽管) there were fewer sports than in the modem Olympics. People from all over Greece came and watched the Games at the foot of the Mount Olympus(奥林匹斯山), and even those at war stopped fighting and went on with the games.In April 6, 1896 the first new Olympics were held in Greece. Only 50,000 people watched the Games, but the rest of the world soon become enthusiastic(热心的) about them and from 1900 the Games were held every four years in a different country.判断正误：（）１．There are much more sports in the modem Olympics.（）２．The first Olympic games were held 776 years ago.（）３．If there was war the game stopped at the time.（）４．The first new Olympics were held in 1896.（）５．From the story we know the Olympic Games were held every four years since 1900 in Greece. B.根据第1个字母，填入正确的词：Mr. and Mrs. Jones don’t often go out in the evening, b last Saturday, Mrs. Jones s to her husband, “There is a good film tonight (今晚). Can we go and see it?” Mr. Jones was quite happy about it, s they went and both of them liked the film very much. They came out of the cinema at 11 o’clock, got into their car and began to drive h .It was quite dark (黑). Then Mrs. Jones said to Mr. Jones, “Look! A woman is running a the road very fast, and a man is running after h . Can you see them?” Mr. Jones, “Yes, I can.” He drove the car slowly near the woman and said to her. “Can weh you?”“No, thank you,” the woman said, but she did not stop r . “My husband and I a run home after the cinema, and the l one must do all the housework.”完形填空 1. C 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.A 6.B 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.C阅读理解A: 1.T 2.F 3.T 4.T 5.F B: 1.but 2.said 3.so 4.home 5.along 6.her 7.help 8.running 9.always 10.last part two. part 2 完型填空: A professor told his students to go into the city slums(贫民窟)to study the life of 200 boys. He asked them to 1 reports about each boy’s life and future. Every one of the students wrote, “He doesn’t have any hope.” Twenty-five years 2, another professor read about the earlier study. He told his students to 3 what had happened to the boys. They tried very hard and found that 176 of the boys had become successful 4 doctors, teacher and scientists. The professor was very 5 and decided to study it further. Luckily, all the men were living near the place and he was able to ask each one, “ What made you 6 ?” Each one answered ,”There was a teacher.” The teacher was 7 living there, so the professor found her and asked the old woman 8 she had used to pull those boys 9 the slum, and change them into successful people . The teacher’s 10 began to shine and said with a sweet smile, “It’s really very easy. I loved those boys.”( )1. A. read B. study C. write D. take ( )2. A. later B. after C. ago D. before( )3..A search B. find out C. look for D. see( )4. A. for B. with C. as D. like( )5.A glad B. angry C. surprised D. worried( )6. A. wonderful B. successful C. rich D. popular( )7. A. already B. yet C. even D. still( )8. A. what B. who C. which D. when( )9. A. out B. into C. away D. out of ( )10. A. face B. eyes C. hair D. mouth A lot of students are having all kinds of sports on the sports field. A ball game is going on right now 1 Class 3 and Class 4. Can you 2 me which team is winning? Do you see many people over there'? Some students of Class 1 are practicing the 3 jump. One of them is the best high jumper in the school. He practices 4 every day. He wants to 5 the school record at the sports meeting next spring. Not far away, some girls are getting ready 6 a race. Now on the corner of the field, you can see another group of students. Their teacher is telling them 7 to throw discus. We students love sports. Sports 8 to keep people healthy. They help people to live happily, and 9 games on the sports field, it can 10 people become good friends.( ) 1. A. in B. between C. among D. by( ) 2. A. tell B. speak C. say D. talk( ) 3. A. long B. far C. high D. tall( ) 4. A. hard B. fast C. quietly D. quickly( ) 5. A. do B. take C. work D. break( ) 6. A, to B. for C. with D. at( ) 7. A. what B. that C. which D. how( ) 8. A. want B. hope C. help D. wish( ) 9. A. in B. before C. after D. when( ) 10. A. make B. enjoy C. get D. bringABaseball (棒球) Match Mr Jenkins works in a middle school. There he teaches his students English. He works hard and is very busy. After supper, when his family watch TV, he always reads some newspapers in his room. At times Robert comes in and asks him to tell him a story. He likes his little son and does all what the boy wants. One Sunday Mrs Jenkins was doing some housework and Mr Jenkins was reading a newspaper. Robert came in but he didn't say anything. A bout ten minutes later the boy showed a newspaper to him and called out, "There will be a base ball match tonight, Dad!" Mr Jenkins was surprised. He said to himself, "The boy is only three years old. How can he read the newspaper?" He held up the newspaper and began to look for the news. But he couldn't find it. At last the boy showed him an exclamation mark on the newspaper.( ) 1. Mr Jenkins is a ______. A. doctor B. teacher C. driver D. farmer( ) 2. Mr Jenkins always reads newspapers after supper because ______. A. he's very busy at school B. he works hard at school B. he wants to teach his son D. he wishes his family to listen to him( ) 3. "An exclamation mark" in the story means ____.A．逗号 B．冒号 C．句号D．感叹号( ) 4. Robert found ______ and called out. A. a baseball match B. a piece of good news C. a today's newspaper D. an exclamation mark( ) 5. Mr Jenkins thought ______, so he was surprised. A. there was a baseball match B. his son bought a newspaper for him C. his little son learned to read D. his little son learned to writeB Tom was going home at five yesterday. He got on a bus. A mother with her little boy was sitting nearby. Suddenly the boy cried. His mother tried her best to make the boy stop crying But the boy would not do so. At last Tom said angrily, "Oh, how that boy cried! Why do you give him what he want?" "I would if I could." Answered the mother quietly. "But he w your cap."( ) 1. What time was Tom going home yesterday? A. At four B. At five C. At six D. At seven( ) 2. Who was sitting near Tom on the bus? A. An old man with his little girl B. A young woman C. A woman with her little boy D. A young man( ) 3. The mother tried her best to make the boy ______. A. wake up B. go to sleep C. not talk much D. stop crying( ) 4. When the boy cried, Tom ______ A. was very angry B. was very hungry C. was very happy D. did not hear this( ) 5. Why was the boy crying? A. Because he wanted something to eat. B. Because he wanted to get off the bus. C. Because he wanted to go home. D. Because he wanted Tom's cap

4. 初中英语阅读理解选标题类题目的技巧，详细点，跪求……

阅读理解要词汇量丰富（当然学校的是基本），如果有时间，建议每天多读读简单的英语短文

5. 中考英语的阅读理解的题型和文章类型有哪些

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